課程補充

3.1 p38-41

2009-10-24T15:17:00.002+08:00

Core case study-- have you thanked the insects today?
昆蟲的負面認知

1.compete with food

2.diseases

3.invade our place

昆蟲提供的服務

1. pollination
2. pest control
3. lossening and renewing the soil土壤中的昆蟲（幼蟲）

向昆蟲學習
1. insect have been around 400 million years
2. learning about the roles of insects in nature
3. eclogy, the science that studies such(organisms and nonliving environment) relationships and interactions in nature.

昆蟲都屬於x翅目
hummingbird蜂鳥

praying mantis合掌螳螂
hose cricket蟋蟀
pest,害蟲
genetic traits遺傳性狀
exceptional異常的;特殊的

3.1 What is ecology?

Cells are the basic units of life
1. cell theory 細胞理論
2. 細胞內的macromolecules高分子，主要有三種polymer聚合物由單體monomer組成，包括complex carbohydrates複合碳水化合物(糖)由葡萄糖glucose單體, proteins蛋白質由胺基酸amino acids單體,nucleic acid核酸由核甘酸基nucleotides。另外非聚合物型態的高分子是lipids脂質

3. gene, genetic information, chromosome

gene基因是DNA分子中的特定的核甘酸序列具有製造特殊蛋白質之指令，稱為基因資訊。

chromosome染色體是單一DNA分子，一般包含數千個基因。

1857年，孟德爾以豌豆為材料，開始歷經八年實驗，證明上一代的特徵遺傳給下一代是遵循著一個定律而不是漫無目的。1883年，路克斯（Wilhelm Boux）注意到細胞核內的染色體，並認為其中必定大有文章。到了1902年，才由洒吞(Walter Sutton）和巴夫來(Theodor Boveri)證實：遺傳基因是染色體的一部份。1953年4月25日，當華生(James Watson)和克立克(Francis Crick)在《Nature》雜誌上提出DNA的雙螺旋構造。
人類有23對染色體, 一般一條染色體上有一個DNA分子，1953年，美国科学家沃森和英国科学家克里克，共同提出了DNA分子的双螺旋结构模型，组成脱氧核苷酸的碱基只有四种：腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)和胸腺嘧啶(T)，因此，脱氧核苷酸也有四种，即腺嘌呤脱氧核苷酸、鸟嘌呤脱氧核苷酸、胞嘧啶脱氧核苷酸和胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸。DNA分子就是由很多个脱氧核苷酸聚合而成的长链，简称多核苷酸链。

基因是指攜帶有遺傳信息的DNA序列，是控制性狀的基本遺傳單位。統計出的基因數居然只有約2萬至2萬5千多個。現在他們已確認出19,599個蛋白質編碼基因，還有2,188個預測的蛋白質編碼基因。

organism生物,有機體
minute微小的
compartment分隔;劃分
membrane膜
compound混合物;化合物
macromolecules大分子 (高分子)
polymer聚合物
monomers單體
rail car有軌車
freight train貨物列車
complex carbohydrate碳水化合物,醣
cellulose纖維素
starch澱粉
amino acid氨基酸
nucleic acid核酸
nucleotides核甘酸基
lipid脂質
molecule分子
chromosome染色體
coiled 盤繞
double helix雙螺旋

Species make up the encyclopedia of life
1. species物種, is a set of individuals who can mate and produce fertile offspring

2.人被分類為哺乳綱靈長目人科人屬智人種,學名為Homo sapiens sapiens

物種的分類：界。門。綱。目。科。屬。種。

3. in the world about 4 million to 100 million species, but the best guess is 10-14 million species. so far biologists have identified about 1.8 million species.

生物分類
1735動物界,植物界-2
1866動物界,植物界,原生生物界(單細胞,變形蟲,海藻)-3
1956動物界,植物界,原生生物界(有核),原核界(無核)-4
1969動物界,植物界,原生生物界,真菌界(蕈,黴菌,酵母),原核界-5
1977動物界,植物界,原生生物界,真菌界,古細菌界,真細菌界-6
resemble像,類似

Science focus-- which species rule the world?
1. intestinal tracts, prevent harmful bacteria into lug (nose), purify water, decompose organic waste, oxygen(phytoplankton), pest control.

在食品工业中，发酵常写作醱酵，是指運用生物體，包括微生物、植物細胞、酵母菌，使有机物分解的生物化學反應过程。相应的发酵技術用於製酒、豆類发酵食品。
microbe微生物
catchall term總受器，包羅萬象
protozoa原生動物類
athlete's foot香港腳
malaria瘧疾
multitudes許多
toiling辛苦,勞累
intestinal腸的 track小徑,小道
phytoplankton浮游植物
inserting插入;嵌入
vital極其重要的

Ecologists study connections in nature
1. ecology生態學 = a study of connetions in nature
2. scientist classify matter into levels of organization form atoms to the biosphere.但生態學家聚焦於生物體，族群，群落，生態系，生物圈

10. def population, genetic diversity遺傳多樣性
11. def community, ecosystem, biosphere.
catfish鯰(科)魚
intestine腸
termite白蟻
make up組合,構成
puddle泥潭;洼
patch小塊土地

國王的賭注

2009-09-15T08:59:00.008+08:00

2^0=1
2^10=1024
2^20=1048576
2^30=1073741824
2^40=1.09951E+12
2^50=1.1259E+15
2^60=1.15292E+18
2^63=9.22337E+18

計算機
x(t)=a*b^(t/r)
a=起始值
b=增加率2％＝1+0.02
t/r=增加次數
70法則or 72法則

10.7 How can we produce food more sustainably?

2009-01-27T20:03:00.003+08:00

artificially人為地
surplus過剩
phasing out逐步淘汰
phase in逐步引入
growth regulator生長調節劑
plastic packaging塑料包裝
curricula課程curriculum
compost堆肥
outlet銷路;商店
unravel闡明;弄清

10.6 How can we protect crops from pests?

2009-01-27T11:05:00.005+08:00

pest有害的動物,害蟲;有害的植物
interfere妨礙;衝突;抵觸
nuisance討厭的人(或事物);麻煩事
polyculture混養is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space
douse把...浸入水中
upset打亂,攪亂
nematode線蟲類
repel擊退;驅除
ward避開;擋開;避免[(+off)]
deceive欺騙,蒙蔽
herbivore食草動物
punch用力擊
soar猛增;暴漲
chlorinated加氯
organophosphate有機磷殺虫劑
malathion馬拉松
parathion巴拉松
bubonic淋巴腺腫plague鼠疫
typhus斑疹傷寒
lice虱子louse
dispute對...提出質疑
microbotanical
treadmill繁重的工作
nontarget非標的生物
menace威脅
diagnose診斷
defect缺陷
immune免疫的
endocrine內分泌(腺)的
susceptible易受...影響的[F][(+to)]
carpet地毯
attributed把...歸因於;把...歸咎於[(+to)]
rodenticide滅鼠劑;殺蟲劑
ingredient(構成)要素,因素
scrub用力擦洗;揉
trim縮減;切除
fake out以欺騙手法制勝
implant移植
scald用沸水消毒,燙洗
alfalfa紫花苜蓿
citrus柑橘屬植物;柑橘
grove果林;果園
infestation侵擾;騷擾
assaulted攻擊,襲擊
disseminating宣傳
extension擴大

10.5 Are there limits to providing more meat and seafood?

2009-01-26T12:40:00.006+08:00

grazing放牧
grain穀粒
meal未經篩過的粗粉
carnivorous肉食性的
grain-fed穀飼
belch打嗝,噯氣
flatulence胃腸氣脹
manure糞肥
catfish鯰(科)魚
carp鲤鱼
vacuum真空
livelihood生活;生計
spotter plane空中偵察機
purse-seine fishing圍網漁撈
buoy浮標,浮筒
gill刺網
deplete用盡;使減少
scoop舀;鏟
chopped切細,剁碎[(+up)]
pumped back
spawn產(卵);生育
boost提高;增加
pen(關禽,畜的)欄,圈
gear工具;設備,裝置
setting aside留出,撥出
scraping擦去;抹去;削去
gliding滑動,滑行
flush沖洗
dwindle使減少;使縮小
exemption(義務等的)免除;免(稅)
excess超越,超過
buy out收購
shellfish有殼的水生動物
paddy稻田
breed使繁殖
bred= breed
metric公制的
fishmeal魚粉
contaminated受污染的
pcb多氯二聯苯戴奧辛polychlorinated biphenyls
carp鯉魚
tilapia吳郭魚,非洲鯽魚

10.4 What have the green and gene revoltuions dones for food security?

2009-01-25T16:52:00.005+08:00

multiple cropping多造耕作或複種
dwarf矮種的
ethanol乙醇,酒精
strain(動植物的)種,品種
subsistence farmber自給農民
graying成為灰色(或灰白)
cultivation耕作,耕種
balcony陽臺,露臺
sewage污水;
spoilage損壞物
plate盤子,盆,碟
nationwide全國範圍的;全國性的
nitrate硝酸鹽
immunity免疫力
going off燃放
resilient有彈力的
variety種類
severely嚴厲地;嚴重地
disposal處理,處置
representative典型,代表物
ear穗
zinc鋅
insertion插入;嵌入
daffodil黃水仙;黃水仙花
ready or not準備好了嗎?
proportion比例;比率
viral病毒(性)的;病毒引起的
inedible不可食的
ground into磨成粉
flour麵粉;(任何穀類磨成的)粉
allergen過敏原
frankenfood基改作物科學怪人的創造者
recall收回;撤銷;取消
spill使溢出;使濺出
grant同意,准予
patent專利;專利權
recoup收回;取回
advocate提倡者;擁護者
mandatory義務的;強制的
poll民意測驗
Court of Appeal上訴法院
upheld uphold贊成;確認

10.3 How serious are soil erosion and degradation and how can they be ruduced?

2009-01-24T13:57:00.007+08:00

excessive過度的;過分的
end up結束
clog塞滿;阻塞,堵塞
offset補償;抵銷
prolonged延長的;拖延的
displace(從原來的地方)移開
setting off
destructive破壞的;毀滅性的
windbreak防風林;防風物
dilute稀釋
picked up
stunt阻止,妨礙
remedy補救法
flush沖洗
saline含鹽分的
envelop包住,裹住;蓋住;圍繞
waterlogged(土地等)水浸的,水澇的
percolate過濾;滲出;浸透
tillage耕作,耕種
conservation tillage system保育耕作法
tiller耕作機
residue殘餘,剩餘;渣滓
terracing梯田
alley cropping田籬間作
deplete用盡;使減少
legume豆科植物
trap阻止,抑制
alfalfa紫花苜蓿
clover三叶草
rye裸麥,黑麥
agroforestry農林間作
trimming修剪下來的東西,切屑,剪屑
mulch護蓋物;護根層
manure肥料
blown blow吹,刮
leach溶濾
feces排泄物
urine尿
poultry家禽
feedlot(家畜)飼育場
humus腐殖質;腐質土壤
compost堆肥
nodule小瘤;小結
ingredient成份原料
synthetic合成
potassium鉀
trace微量

10.2 How is food produced and how might food production change?

2009-01-24T11:55:00.004+08:00

pasture牧草地,放牧場
aquaculture水產養殖
stagger堅持進行
livestock家畜
poultry家禽
mouth(人,動物的)嘴
violate違犯;違背,違反
domesticated livestock家养牲畜
plantation agriculture熱帶栽培業
feedlot飼育場
slaughter(食用牲口的)屠宰
pen(關禽,畜的)欄,圈;一欄家畜
saturate使充滿[H][(+with)]
meager不足的;貧乏的
draft animal負重的動物
plot小塊土地
weed雜草;野草
along with在...以外

10.1 How can we impove food security

2009-01-24T08:58:00.009+08:00

chronic長期的,不斷的
corruption墮落;腐化;貪污
deny拒絕給予
aquifer含水土層,地下蓄水層
macronutrient大量營養素
micornutrient微量营养素
iodine碘
retardation1. 遲延
stunted受妨礙的;發育不良的
measles麻疹;風疹
diarrhea腹瀉
susceptible易受...影響的[F][(+to)]
undernourish使營養不足
malnourish營養失調的
hemoglobin血紅素
anemia貧血(症)
fatigue疲勞,勞累
hemorrhage出血
severity嚴重
thyroid甲狀腺
gland腺
metabolism新陳代謝
retardation遲延
goiter甲狀腺腫
swollen膨脹的;浮腫的
deafness聾
immunize使免除
measles麻疹;風疹
fortifying(在肉體,精神等方面)增強,加強
sterilization殺菌;消毒
contraception避孕(法)
underfed未餵飽的
obese肥胖的;過胖的 BMI>30(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity)
http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/

10 Food, soil and pest management

2009-01-08T15:35:00.005+08:00

illusion假象
malnutrition營養失調
susceptible易受...影響的
beta-carotene β-胡蘿蔔素
substance物質
snippet斷片
daffodil黃水仙
strain品種
coriander胡荽
capsule膠囊
gram克
ploy計謀;計劃

9.5 What is reconciliation ecology?

2008-11-18T21:30:00.003+08:00

We can share places we dominate with other species

midst在...之中

enterprise企業

set aside留出；撥出

desperate危急的

reconciliation和解,和好

There ary many ways to implement reconciliation ecology

insecticide 殺蟲劑

pesticide殺蟲劑

municipal自治都市的

lawn草坪,草地

bluebird藍知更鳥

sparrow麻雀

starling歐掠鳥

restore恢復

yard 院子;天井;庭院

lawnmower割草機

contest競賽,比賽

experimentation實驗

Case study- the blackfoot challenge - reconciliation ecology in action

grizzly bear灰熊

trout鱒魚

gumweed

cherish珍愛

spawn造成,釀成

perpetual永久的;長期的

easement地役權

charter 憲章

9.4 How can we protect wild species from premature extinction?

2008-11-18T10:55:00.005+08:00

International treaties can help protect species

treaty條約,協定

convention公約,協定

convention on international trade in endangered species華盛頓公約全名為'瀕臨絕種野生動植物國際貿易公約' CITES.

live specimen活標本

enforcement實施,執行

convicted證明...有罪

violator違背者

exempt免除,豁免

ratify批准;認可

reverse使倒轉;使反向

invasive species 入侵種

penalty處罰

Case study- controversy over the U.S. endangered species act

amend修訂

controversial爭論的

fund提供(事業,活動等的)資金

authorize批准,認可;允許

jeopardize危及

impose把...強加於

imperiled使陷於危險

designated標出;指定

peregrine遊隼

shipment裝載的貨物

confiscate沒收,將...充公

prosecute對...起訴

herpes B virus猴庖疹病毒

macaque獼猴

salmonella 沙門氏菌

hamster倉鼠

iguanas鬣蜥蜴

ingest 嚥下

entangled被纏住的

choke使窒息;哽住

drowning把...淹死

ingredient原料

tortoiseshell龜甲

flipper 腳蹼

enforce實施,執行

compensate補償,賠償

hard data具體數據

notification通知;通告

secretary of interior內政部長

meager不足的

streamlined有效率的

weasel逃避;推諉

Science focus- accomplishments of the endangered species act

desperate危急的;絕望的

shoestring資金極少的;小規模的

gutting損毀

doing away摒棄

U.S. National academy of science美國國家科學院

We can establish wildlife refuges and other protected areas

wildlife refuge野生動物保護區

pelican鵜鶘

sanctuary庇護所,避難所

waterfowl水鳥;水禽

key deer凱鹿

trumpeter swan野天鵝

setting aside設置

Gene banks, botanical gardens, and wildlife farms can help protect species

mishap不幸事故;災難

arboreta植物園

Zoos and aquariums can help protect some species

egg uplling

captive breeding圈養繁殖

condor兀鷹

inbreeding使同系繁殖

foster培養,促進

notion概念;想法

proponent擁護者

counter反擊

feasible可行的;可實行的

I assure you 我向你保證

9.3 How do humans accelerate species extinction?

2008-11-16T21:11:00.010+08:00

Loss of Habitate is the single greatest threat to species: remember HIPPCO

acronym 首字母縮略字

endemic某地特有的

disperse傳播;散發

poaching偷獵;偷捕

Some deliberately introduced species can disrupt ecosystem

deliberately故意地,蓄意地

poultry家禽

upheaval 動亂;激變;劇變

reshuffling重洗(牌);改革;改組

pathogen病原體

Case study - the kudzu vine

kudzu【植】葛

herbicide除草劑

rampant蔓延的;猖獗的

prolific多產的,多育

engulf吞沒;捲入

menace威脅

starch澱粉

confection調製

herbal草本的

remedy治療;治療法;藥物

preliminary預備的;初步的

binge狂飲

ingesting攝取;吸收

lessen變小,變少;減輕

Some accidentally introductiond species can also disrupt ecosystems

downside不利

stowaway逃票乘客;偷渡者

ballast壓艙物,壓載物

hkitchiker搭便車的旅行者

crate條板箱

tread (輪胎的)胎面;鞋底

harbor避難所,躲藏處

shipload 船貨

lumber木材,木料

swarm (昆蟲等的)群

mound土墩

fawn (未滿一歲的)幼鹿

allergic過敏的

venom毒液

fragile虛弱的

crop嚙

Burmese緬甸的

python 蟒;巨蛇

girth (樹乾、腰身等的)圍長,周長

telephone pole 電話線杆

Prevention is the best way to reduce threats from invasive species

sterilize使無菌,消毒

bait 餌

brush 刷,拂

gear工具;設備

Population growth, overconsumption, pollution, and climate change can cause species extinctions

pesticide殺蟲劑

honeybee colony集群;群體

pelican鵜鶘

plummet筆直落下

magnify放大,擴大

hard hit沉重打擊

nesting pair築巢一雙

illegally killing or capturing and selling wild species can treaten them

pelt (動物的)生皮;毛皮

imperial Amazon macaw帝王亞馬遜鸚鵡

roam漫步;漫遊;流浪

Bengal孟加拉

rug小地毯;毛皮地毯

skyrocket使猛然上漲

curtail縮減,削減

parrot鸚鵡

inhaling吸入

bird dander禽流皮屑

squeeze榨出,擠出

poisonous 有毒的;有害的

cyanide氰化物

stun使昏迷

cacti （cactus)

crested saguaro cactus有冠毛的巨型仙人掌

rustler偷牛賊;盜馬賊

soar升騰

survive倖存;殘留

hyacinth

macaw金剛鸚鵡

hornbill犀鳥

vest授予,賦予(權力,財產等)

The rising demand for bush meat threatens some african species

bush meat叢林肉,野生動物肉

orangutan猩猩

butchering屠宰

rodent齧齒目動物

cane rat甘蔗鼠

9.2 Why should we care about preventing species extinction?

2008-11-16T09:53:00.010+08:00

Species are a vital part of the earth's natural captial

it will take 5-10 million years for natural speciation to rebuild the biodiversity we are likely to destory during your lifetime.

物種的價值：instrumental value(economic ,ecological services, genetic information, recreational pleasure).

the value of eco-tourism

fuss大驚小怪;小題大作

ailment 病痛

ingredient組成部分

synthetically以合成方法

Are we ethically obligated to prevent premature extinction?

intrinsic or existence value存在價值

master-piece傑作,名作，絕無僅有的人(或事物,行為)

crucible嚴酷的考驗

9.1What role do humans play in the premature exitnction of species?

2008-10-29T15:40:00.004+08:00

There are three types of species extinction

local extinction

ecological extinction

biological extinction

Endangered and threatened species are ecological somke alarms

endangered species

threatened species

tusk長牙,獠牙

Carolina parakeet卡羅來納鸚哥

flock群

forage搜索糧秣

butt煙蒂

Estimating extinction rates is not easy

mammal 哺乳動物

minor DNA copying mistake

正常情況物種可存活1百萬年到1千萬年才會滅絕

Human activities cause many premature extinctions

in due time在適當的時候

impoverish耗盡

extent程度;限度;範圍

persist持續;存留

colonization殖民地的開拓

speciation物種形成

weed雜草;野草

rodent齧齒目動物

9 Sustaining biodiversity: the species approach

2008-10-29T15:17:00.003+08:00

Core case study : a disturbing message from the birds

disturbing message 使人不安的消息

drive up 使...上升

migratory遷移的

prosper繁榮

blackbird燕八哥

starling椋鳥

tanager風琴鳥科

oriole黃鸝,金鶯

thrush鶇科;歌鶇

vireo綠鵑

warbler鳴禽

culprit罪犯

rodent齧齒目動物

decimate大量毀滅

carcass(動物的)屍體

excrete排泄

8.8What should be our priorities for protecting biodiversity?

2008-10-29T11:42:00.002+08:00

We need to establish priorities for protecting biodiversity

intact原封不動的;未受損傷的

restoration修復;復原;整修;重建

penny一分;一分硬幣

8.7How can we help sustain aquatic biodiversity

2008-10-29T10:57:00.004+08:00

We need to learn much more about aquatic biodiversity

aquatic水生的;水棲的

estuary河口;海口灣

immense巨大的;廣大的

derive取得,得到

Human activities are destroying and degrading aquatic biodiversity

shellfish貝;有殼的水生動物

dredging挖泥

trawler拖網漁船

submerged水下的

bulldozer推土機

plate金屬板

moratorium暫停;中止

high seas公海

ban禁止;禁令

excessive過度的

We can protect and sustain marine biodiversity

inexhaustible用之不竭的;無窮無盡的

overexploitatione過度開發開採

sanctuary庇護所,避難所

third三分之一

workable切實可行的

cost-effective有成本效益的;划算的

Chesapeake bay切薩皮克灣是美國面積最大的河口灣，位於美國大西洋海岸中部，為馬里蘭州和弗吉尼亞州三面環繞，僅南部與大西洋連通。

bycatch副漁獲，意外撈捕

aquaculture水產養殖

ballast water壓艙水

8.6 What is the importance of restoration ecology?

2008-10-27T21:51:00.005+08:00

We can rehabilitate and restore ecosystems that we have damaged

inflict使遭受(損傷等)

reclaim要求恢復

brownfield閒置的工業區，這些地區就是所謂的棕地

restoration修復;復原

rehabilitation更新

replacement代替,取代

Case study- ecological restoration of a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica

galvanize刺激;激起

raised升高的

toll喪鐘聲

reap獲得,得到

sow播種於(土地等)[(+with)]

intact未受損傷的

Will restoration encourage further destruction?

undone undo使復舊

badly非常

decking裝飾,打扮

8.5 How should we manage and sustain parks and nature reserves?

2008-10-26T16:49:00.010+08:00

National parks face many envrionmental threats

只有1%的國家公園在開發中國家受到保護

當地居民的入侵

國家公園面積過小

poacher偷獵者

tusk長牙,獠牙

fur毛皮;皮子

There are heavy stresses on U.S. national parks

美國國家公園系統建立於1912年，包括了58個國家公園

美國國家公園的問題：大眾化、外來種、空氣污染的威脅。成為生物多樣性的孤島。

解決之法1-10

crown jewels至寶(指一個人最寶貴最重要的東西)

supplement增補,補充

popularity大眾化

dirt bike野外泥土地比賽用的機器腳踏車

dune buggy沙丘汽車

jet skis噴氣式滑雪板或滑橇(水上摩托車)

snowmobile雪車

controversy爭論,辯論;爭議

migration移動,徙動

deliberate故意的,蓄意的

boar野豬

trample踐踏

accelerate使增速

water diversion引水

general accounting office美國審計部

overdue過期的

Nature reserves occupy only small part of the earth's land

地球上有12%的土地受到保護，但實際上僅有5%真正受到嚴格保護免於人類潛在有害活動的威脅

生態保育專家呼籲至少要有20%的土地要保護

保護更多的土地免於非永續的利用需要政府與私人團體、由下而上的政治壓力。

美國大自然保護協會與私人地主以信託方式保護了許多土地等於一個喬治亞州

(153,909 km²)

大多數開發者及資源開採者反對保護土地

緩衝區的概念引進，將當地居民視為夥伴

資金的短缺

partially部分地

multiple複合的;多樣的

venture企業

Nature Conservancy美國大自然保護協會

sanctuary庇護所,避難所

enlist徵募

shortfall赤字

Case study- Costa Rica a global conservation leader

擁有政治權力的畜牧家族，砍伐森林來放牧

1970s中葉開始建立自然保護系統，2006年達全國1/4土地。分為8個超級保留區，核心區及2個緩衝區。這個生物多樣性保護策略具有獲利性，特別是在生態旅遊上。

降低森林砍伐的策略，取消補貼，補助地主維持與恢復森林。

indigenous土著的

consolidate合併,聯合,統一

pay off 使人得益;有報償

Protecting wilderness is an important way to preserve biodiversity

wilderness荒野地

荒野地最小面積應大於4000平方公里才能確保不受人類活動干擾（宜蘭縣2143平方公里，花蓮縣4628平方公里）

大多數生態學者保護荒野地的主要理由為保留其生物多樣性成為物種演化的中心以利於環境的適應。

aside在旁邊

slightest極不重要的

sanity明智

saga冒險故事

Case study- controversy over wilderness protection in the United States

爭論起於90年代

Wilderness Act 1964

4.6%的美國土地被保護為荒野地，其中3/4在Alaska。

Roadless Rule無路跡地域保護法規(protecting roadless areas)

sought (seek)

Protecting global biodiversity hot spots is an urgent priority

生物多樣性熱點，全球有34個地區佔全球2％的土地但卻擁有50％的開花植物及42％陸地脊椎動物

ark方舟

Florida panhandle(伸入另一洲的)狹長的土地

vertebrate脊椎動物

reptile爬蟲類

amphibian兩棲(類)的

initiative主動的行動;倡議

fabric結構;組織

8.4 How should we manage and sustain grasslands?

2008-10-15T22:25:00.006+08:00

Some ranglands are overgrazed

目前牛羊吃掉42%的放牧地，估計在2050年會到達70%

牧草的生長由基部而非頂部，只要能留下一半就可被視為再生性資源

過牧會造成減少草地覆蓋面積，增加侵蝕，增加某些物種的入侵，這些植物不利於牛羊食用

過牧已造成全球1/5放牧地失去生產力

unfeneced沒有籬筢的

forage草料,飼料

shrub矮樹;灌木

pasture牧草地,放牧場

meadow草地,牧草地

blade葉片,葉身

tip頂端;尖端

sagebrush蒿屬植物

mesquite豆科灌木

cactus仙人掌

cheatgrass旱雀麥

We can manage rangelands more sustainably

carrying capacity

rotational grazing

riparian zone

moving and fencing off可讓自然生態恢復

management method抑制不要的草種與重植(replanting)

－較貴但少用的方法，較便宜的方法

strip條,帶

lush蒼翠繁茂的

riparian河岸的;水邊的

suppress壓制

trampling踩,踐踏

8.3 How serious is tropical deforestation and how can it be reduced?

2008-10-14T14:37:00.010+08:00

Tropical forests are disappearing rapidly

6% of earth land

至少有半數已知物種生活在熱帶雨林中

巴西擁有40％的熱帶雨林及30％的陸生植物與動物，然而巴西雨林的砍伐或降級率從1％到16-25％

2004年發現47％的亞馬遜盆地被伐林與土地佔用

全球林地損失不易估計的原因有多個：影像辨識困難、定義不同、誇大或隱藏

每年損失森林面積由5萬平方公里到17萬平方公里

僅有5％的熱帶林是永續經營
national academy of science國家科學研究院
tract大片土地
astounding令人驚奇的

There are many causes of tropical deforestation and degradation

人口增長與貧窮

政府補貼與鼓勵

international lending agencies鼓勵借貸開發

開路及擇伐造成鄰近樹木倒塌，因為淺根與樹藤牽扯。

擇伐後轉售給畜牧業，畜牧業過牧後再轉售給開墾者種植作物，數年後土壤流失，表土肥力耗盡。

健康雨林不燃燒，燃燒破壞生物多樣性、減少吸收二氧化碳。

大量的焚燒雨林造成氣候型態改變，溫度上升雨量減少，由砍伐區變成熱帶草原（莽原），預估20-30％的亞馬遜雨林變成熱帶草原在50年內。

title所有權
biodiesel生物柴油

topple顛覆，使倒塌

ignited點燃,使燃燒

We can reduce tropical deforestation and degradation

學習小規模永續的農業與林業

收穫森林中再生性資源如水果與堅果

strip-cutting帶狀伐採取得木料

Debt-for-nature swap債務交換自然

伐木方式更溫和

造林與林地與溼地復育、杜絕盜伐

swap交換,交易

custodian管理人;保管人

concession租界

vine藤,藤蔓

liana藤本植物

obstruct妨礙,阻擾

mount發動(攻勢),進行(襲擊)

clamp強行壓制(或限制),取締

Individuals matter(Wangari Maathai and Kenya's green belt movement)

由後院小樹苗圃開始，組織貧窮婦女植樹與保護樹木，付錢給貧窮婦女來種樹，有利於環境與當地人民，1脫貧2減少侵蝕3提供建材、水果、飼料、陰影、美景、薪材。

nursery苗圃

small amount少量

fodder飼料

spark 激勵;鼓舞

acclaim宣佈

harassed不斷騷擾

8.2 how should we manage and sustain forest?

2008-10-02T16:40:00.014+08:00

Forests provide important economic and ecological services

ecological services-能量流動與化學循環、土壤流失、水源涵養、淨水與淨氣、氣候、二氧化碳、棲地

economic services-燃料、木料、紙漿、礦產、畜牧、遊憩、工作

boreal北極的

移除大氣中二氧化碳，穩定大氣溫度

estimate the economic value of the ecological services

We have old-growth and second-growth forests and tree plantations

老熟林、次生林

林場25- to 30-year, 6-10years rotation cycle.

tract大片土地

We have cut down alomst half of the world's forests

森林覆蓋減少46％ 8000年來，減少率0.2-0.5％每年

世界森林被砍伐或降級為指數成長每年0.3-0.8%

損失森林最多的國家在開發中國家，尤其是熱帶地區的拉丁美洲、印尼、非洲

intact未受損傷的

conceivably可理解地,可相信地

Science focus- putting a price tag on nature's ecological service

世界森林提供生態服務的價值為每年4.7兆美金

我們的經濟系統是建構在自然服務為免費的前提之上

為何我們沒有改變會計系統反應資源的價值？利益、補貼、無知

Cook the books是一個固定短語，它的意思是“做假帳”

leave out 遺漏

Many cleared forests in the United States have grown back

1620-1960為美國主要伐林期，目前種樹量以大於砍數量

國家森林系統屬於沒國林務署

但單一樹種的林木種植取代老熟林與次生林不利於生物多樣性

fairly頗為,相當地

protest抗議,反對

individuals matter - butterfly in a redwood tree

nonviolent civil disobedience不服從,違抗;違反

hovering停留在空中

courageous英勇的

perch棲息處,棲木

cable纜;索;鋼索

plate金屬板,薄板,玻璃板

stand 採取某種態度

my life is my message我的生命就是我的講章

Juila Hill(butterfly)

http://globalartistvillage.blogspot.com/2007/06/video-julia-butterfly-hill-film.html

There is controversy over logging in U.S. national forest

林業利用的兩大原則：永續產出原則，多用途原則

多用途原則的爭論，伐木公司、生物多樣性專家

美國法律，林木售價不能低於土地重新造林的成本，但是....

森林的金錢價格10倍於木頭價格，並且有七倍的工作機會

principle of sustainable yield永續產出

principle of multiple use多用途使用

controversy爭論,辯論;爭議

overhead經常費用

There are several ways to harvst trees

林道的傷害：增加侵蝕、棲地破碎、害蟲疾病外來種入侵、他種土地利用

擇伐selective cutting

皆伐clear-cut

帶伐strip cutting

disqualify使不合格

Some forest fires are beneficial

地表火surface fire具有生態上優點：易燃物、物質循環、種子、害蟲、棲地

樹冠火crown fire

spare不傷害

lodgepole pine海灘松

germination萌芽;發芽

pathogen病原體

muskrat麝鼠

woodcock丘鷸;山鷸

quail鵪鶉

sprout很快地成長

We can improve the management of forest fires

1.set small, contained surface fires

2.疏伐thin forest areas vulnerable to fire

3.allow many fires on public lands to burn

4.thinning zone and eliminating the use of flammable materials

convince使確信,使信服

flammable易燃的;可燃的

contained被控制的

prescribed規定,指定

thinning forest間伐

underbrush林下灌木叢

flammable易燃的

slash

exempt免除,豁免[(+from)

environmental review

We can manage forests more sustainably

1.保護森林在生物多樣性下

2.擇伐與帶伐

3.坡度選擇

4.老熟林不伐

5.減少道路建設

6.留下枯倒木

7.伐木區與惡化區植樹

8.永續林木認證

9.森林生態服務價格化

tree-free paper (kenaf)

certify證明，發證書(或執照等)給

bole樹幹

snag斷枝

pulp紙漿

kenaf洋麻

pesticide殺蟲劑

herbicide除草劑

8.1 how are we affecting the earth's biodiversity and why should we protect it?

2008-10-02T14:07:00.004+08:00

Human activities are destroying and degrading biodiversity
mowed down割倒
plowed under翻壓
gobbled up吞併，併購
1.人類干擾的土地面積已超過陸地面積83％（南極大陸與格林蘭不計）
填滿溼地，草原森林變更地，都市用地
staggering驚人的
ecological fishprint生態魚跡
2.temperate forest increase, but tropical forest decline
3.aquatic biodiversity: coral reef, commerically valuable marine fish species.
4.premature extinction of species

Why should we protect biodiversity?
intrinsic value
instrumental value-existence value, aesthetic value, bequest value遺贈;遺產

Chapter 8 Sustaing biodiversity: the ecosystem approach

2008-10-02T13:36:00.009+08:00

Core case study- reintroducing wolves to yellowstone
gray wolf ,timber wolf 灰狼森林狼
keystone predator species
roam漫遊

big game狩獵

culled挑出,選出;揀選
elk駝鹿;麋;美洲赤鹿
caribou北美馴鹿
mule deer北美黑尾鹿
coyote郊狼,土狼scavenger食腐動物
raven渡鴉
ermine貂;掃雪鼬
grizzly bear灰熊
moose麋
beaver海狸,河狸

美國漁業暨野生物管理局U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
rancher大農(或牧)場經營者
big-game狩獵
spurred激勵;鼓舞
aspen山楊
cottonwood三角葉楊,棉白楊
willow tree柳,柳樹
ground squirrel松鼠
integrative principle整體性原則

7.2 what factors influence population size?

2008-09-18T15:33:00.007+08:00

populations can grow, decline, or remain fairly stable
人口改變＝（出生率＋遷入）-（死亡率＋遷出）
birth rate
death rate

women are having fewer babies but not few enough to stabilize the world population
fertility rate生育率
replacement-level fertility rate (2.1 to 2.5)
total fertility rate(TFR)1.6 to 2.9-台灣在95年總生育率已降至1.1

Case study- the U.S. population is growing rapidly
oscillation振動,擺動
homicide殺人犯
大多數已開發國家人口在2010開始減少，台灣預估在2018開始減少。

Several factors affect birth rates and fertility rates
1. importance of childern as a part of the labor force.
2. cost of raising and educating children.
3. availability of private and public pension退休金;養老金 systems
4. urbanization
5. educational and empolyment opportunities available for women
6. infant mortality rate
7. average age at marrage(first child)
8. availability of legal abortions
9. availability of reliable birth control methods
10. regligious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms

Several factors affect death rates
food supplies and distribution 食物供給與分配（批發零售）
immunization免疫
curtail縮減,削減
incidence發生率
undernutrition營養不足
malnutrition營養失調，營養不良

7.1 how many people can the earth support?

2008-09-18T12:02:00.007+08:00

Human population growth continues but is unevenly distributed

year1 200million, year 1804 1billion, year1927 2billion, year1960 3billion, year1975 4billion (exponential growth)

sanitation公共衛生,環境衛生
antibiotic抗生素,抗菌素
vaccine疫苗
影響人口增加的三因素1.expand into diverse new habitats 2.mordern agriculture 3. development of sanitation systems, antibiotics, and vaccines

目前全球人口增加率為1.23％每年
least equipped最少的裝備

分布不平均－已開發國家0.1％(1.2million)，開發中國家1.5％(80.8million)

We do not know how long the human population can keep growing
deliberate深思熟慮的,慎重的
sidestepping side-step避免
steadily平穩地

Case study- are there too many of us?
sheer全然的;純粹的
intrusion侵入;闖入
proponent提議人;擁護者
intensify加強,增強
impairing削弱;減少

chapter 7 applying population ecology

2008-09-17T10:37:00.004+08:00

core case study- the ecocity concept in Curitiba, Brazil
envision展望
pedestrian徒步的,步行的
crisscross十字形
recovered materials 回收物料
roving游動的;巡迴的
acclaim歡呼;喝采;稱讚
spoke輪輻
stripping剝奪;掠奪[(+of)]
climactic頂點的;高潮的

6.5 What limits the growth of populations?

2008-09-15T17:28:00.010+08:00

Most populations live in clumps or patches
clump形成一叢(或一堆、一團等)
creosote bush木餾(油)小灌木叢

Populations can grow, shirink, or remain stable
birth, immigration, death, emigration

No population can grow indefinitely: J-curves and S-curves
intrinsic rate of increase 內在增殖率
biotic potential生物潛能，生物在最適環境條件下的最大生殖能力。
impose把...強加於
infectious傳染性的
dwindle漸漸減少;變小
level off 弄平
sigmoid - S形的
logistic growth-sigmoid function又稱logistic function，Logit模型（Logit model，也译作“评定模型”，“分类评定模型”，又作Logistic regression，“逻辑回归”）是离散选择法模型之一，属于多重变量分析范畴，是社会学、生物统计学、临床、数量心理学、市场营销等统计实证分析的常用方法
dieback(植物)枝葉枯萎(而根部仍活)

Species have different reproduction patterns
reproductive生殖的
r-selected species 機會
rodent齧齒目動物
dandelion蒲公英
foothold立足處,踏腳處
boom-and-bust cycle繁榮與蕭條
k-selected species均衡
birds of prey猛禽
saguaro北美洲巨型仙人掌
orange roughy大西洋胸棘鯛
swordfish箭（劍）魚

Human are not exempt from nature's population control
exempt免除,豁免[(+from)]
bubonic plague腺鼠疫
flu epidemic流感
fatal致命的
immunodeficiency免疫不全
toll傷亡人數
ingenuity心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀
impose加(負擔等)於[(+on/upon)]

Case study - exploding white-tailed deer populations in the United States
soared猛增;暴漲
lyme disease萊姆病，一種螺旋體細菌Borrelia burgdorferi引起的，患病者開始會有發燒頭疼，脖子僵硬，肌肉關節酸痛，淋巴腫脹等現象，嚴重的有皮膚，關節，神經，心臟和大腦等系統的嚴重疾病。家禽寵物或者居家老鼠、也會帶有傳播病菌的跳蚤。由跳蚤(硬壁虱，Ixodes spp)叮咬傳染人類。
archer弓箭手
tree stand
cruel殘忍的,殘酷的
scent氣味
rotting腐爛,腐壞
fencing柵欄;籬笆
vaccine疫苗的
sterilize使絕育
repel擊退;驅除

6.4 How do communities respond to changing environmental coditions?

2008-09-15T16:19:00.012+08:00

Communities and ecosystems change over time: ecological succession
primary succession原生演替
secondary succession次生演替

lichen地衣

mosses苔蘚

herb 草本植物

shrub矮樹;灌木

heath石南

mat地蓆;草蓆

jack pine 松樹加拿大短葉松

black spruce雲杉黑雲衫

aspen山楊

balsam fir冷杉香膠冷杉/香脂冷杉

paper birch樺木紙皮樺

white spruce 白雲杉
candidate候選人
germinate發芽;生長
disturbance擾亂;打擾
intermediate中等程度的disturbance hypothesis

Connell (1978)以熱帶雨林受暴風雨干擾現象提出中度干擾假說(Intermediate DisturbanceHypothesis 簡稱IDH )，此假說認為頻繁的干擾、強度極高或規模極大之干擾可能摧毀大部分生物社會的物種，使生物多樣性降低；不頻繁的干擾、強度極低或規模極小之干擾不太影響生物社會的物種，所以生物多樣性會依原有狀態因競爭而趨減；只有中度干擾促使演替有足夠時間與空間進行，因此生物多樣性會保持最高。

Succession doesn't follow a predictable path
balance-of-natural hypotheis自然平衡
preordain預定;注定
permanent永恆的;永遠的
Should we protect natural systems from harmful human activities? the precautionary principle
ballistic失去理智的
precautionary principle預防原則
preliminary初步的
adage諺語;格言
Speed Bump(減速丘)

6.3 How do species interact?

2008-09-14T21:48:00.013+08:00

Most species compete with one another for resources
five basic types of interactions between species:

1.competition, 2.predation掠食, 3.parasitism寄生, 4.mutualism互利共生, and 5.commensalism偏利共生.

serve as agents of natural selection
no two species can share the same vital and limited resource for very long, one of species must mirgrate, shift feeding habit or behavior, population sharp decline, or extinct.

profound深刻的;深切的
Some species evolve ways to share resources
resource partitioning (lions and leopards, hawks and owls, insect-eating warblers鳴禽)
hawk鷹,隼
owl鴞裊,貓頭鷹

Some species feed on other species: predation
predator-prey relationship
at population level is kind of natural selection
如何看待捕食行為 ecological role - controlling rabbit populations
predators have many methods help them capture prey
1.pursuit and ambush

2.camouflage

3.chemical warfare化學戰
prey evolved many ways to avoid predators

1.run, swim, or fly fast
2.highly developed sense
3.protective shell, thick bark, spines, and throns 斷尾求生
4.camouflage
5.chemical warfare-poisionous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting 烏賊墨汁
6.warning coloration

7.mimicry

contempt輕視,蔑視
root打氣;喝采(+for)pursuit追擊
ambush埋伏;伏擊
keen敏銳的
pack一群

camouflage偽裝;掩飾

in plain sight就在眼前
praying mantis合掌螳螂
white ermines貂
weasel鼬鼠,黃鼠狼
venom毒液
paralyze使麻痺;使癱瘓
deter威懾住,嚇住
alert警覺的

armadillos犰狳

bark樹皮

sequoia紅杉

spine(動、植物的)刺,針
porcupine豪豬
thorn刺,棘

chameleon變色龍

cuttlefish墨魚;烏賊

twig細枝
hare野兔
poisonous有毒的
oleander歐洲夾竹桃
irritating使疼痛
stinging nettle刺痛蕁麻
bombardier beetle放屁甲蟲

foul惡臭的
skunk臭鼬
stinkbug發惡臭的蟲
buttercup毛茛屬植物
monarch butterfiy帝王蝶
flash亮出;誇示
striking惹人注目的
deadly致命的,致死的

mimicry模仿;模擬
Some species feed off other species by living on or in them: parasitism
parasite benefit and host is harmed
some parasites live inside the hosts(tapeworms and microorganism), other parasites attach themselves to the outsides of their hosts(mistletoe and sea lampreys). some parasites have little contact with their host(cowbirds)
at population level, promote biodiversity, keep hosts' population in check.feed off- Use something to your advantage

parasite 寄生生物

tapeworm絛蟲

pathogen病原體
mistletoe槲寄生

lamprey七鰓鰻;八目鰻
flea跳蚤
tick壁蝨

cowbird燕八哥
keep in check抑制

In some interactions, both species benefit: mutualism
honeybees, caterpillars, and other insets with flower
coral reef - reef-building coral animals and bacteria
nutrition and protection(birds that ride on the backs of large animals)(clownfish species and sea anemones)(specialized fungi combine with plant roots)(gut inhabitant mutualism)

mutualism互利共生
caterpillar毛蟲
nectar花蜜
tissue(動植物的)組織
pest害蟲
anemone海葵
tentacle觸鬚,觸手,
paralyze使麻痺;使癱瘓
mycorrhizae菌根
myriad無數,大量
gut腸,腸子
trait特徵,特點

In some interactions, one species benefits and the other is not harmed
commensalism共生(silverfish insect and army ants)
epiphyte附生(orchids and bromeliads)
birds nest

commensalism共生
silverfish蠹魚
raid侵吞,盜用
epiphyte附生植物
bromeliad鳳梨科植物
limb大樹枝,主枝

6.2 what roles do species play in a community?

2008-09-10T11:46:00.008+08:00

Niches can be occupied by native and nonnative species
different ecological roles or niches that native, nonnative, indicator, keystone, and foundation species.
most introduced species of crops and animals are beneficial to us.
1957 wild African bees(killer bees)

villain壞人,惡棍
allergic過敏的
flee逃,逃走

Indicator species are biological smoke alarms
provide early warnings of harmful environmental change
trout species in water
birds
butterflies
amphibians

trout鱒魚
fragmentation分裂;破碎
introduction引進,傳入
vulnerable易受傷的
amphibian兩棲(類)的

Case study- why are amphibians vanishing?
amphibians- frogs, toads, and salamanders
indicator species
no single cause has been found to explain the amphibian declines
1.prolonged drought
2.pollution
3.viral, and fungal diseases
4.ultraviolet radiation
5.climate change(global warming)
6.overhunting
7.nonnative predators and competitors
如果多數兩棲類物種消失我們為何要關注？
1.environmental health is deterioration
2.improtant ecological roles (food chain)
3.genetic storehouse of pharmaceutical products

toad蟾蜍,癩蛤蟆
salamander蠑螈
tadpole蝌蚪
block阻擋,妨礙,阻止
permeable有滲透性的;可穿過的
readily很快地,立即
draining排出(液體)
prolonged特別長的
breeding生育,生殖;繁殖
viral病毒
fungal真菌的
embryo胚胎
parasite寄生蟲
deteriorating惡化
reptile爬蟲類
pharmaceutical製藥的
secretion分泌物
painkiller鎮痛劑
antibiotic抗生素
larvae幼蟲;幼體

Keystone species play important roles in communities
eliminating a keystone species may dramatically alter the sturcture and function of community.
critcial ecological roles
bees, butterflies, hummingbirds蜂鳥, bat, dung beetle
top predator keystone species(wolf, leopard, lion, alligator)
ecological services

science focus-why should we protect sharks?
370 shark species
feeding at the tops of food webs, remove injured and sick animals form the ocean.
人類對鯊魚得誤解
valuable fins 魚刺可治百病
high levels of toxic mercury
livers, meat, hides, and jaws
cancer, immune system
especially vulnerable to overfishing
least protected animals on earth
that sharks may not need us, but we and other species need them

keystone species關鍵物種
wedge-shape楔形物
archway拱門
teeming充滿的
dying垂死的
whale shark鯨鯊
basking shark姥鯊
megamouth shark巨口鯊
hack劈,砍
ingredient(烹調的)原料
fetch售得,賣得
dorsal背部的;背側的
mercury水銀,汞
liver肝臟
hide獸皮;皮革
deployed展開
immune免疫
aquarium水族館
outcry強烈的抗議
dung糞;糞肥
churn攪拌
aerate使通氣

Foundation species also play important ecological roles
shaping communities by creating and enhancing the habits in ways that benefit other species.
elephants
bat and bird
beraver

forage草料
antelope羚羊
regenerate重建;再生
beaver海狸,河狸
felling砍伐,砍倒
lodge巢穴

6.1 How does species diversity affect the sustainability of a community?

2008-09-10T10:40:00.014+08:00

what is species diversity?
what is community? collection of populations of different species.
community characteristic
species and its interaction (feeding relationship)
species diversity- species richness and species evenness
niche structure-how many ecological nithes, how they resemble or different from one another, and how the species occupying different niches interact.
the most species-rich environments are
tropical rain forests,
coral reefs,
the ocean bottom zone, and
large tropical lakes.

Sustainability involves resisting or responding to changing environmental conditions
永續與穩定的三個面向
1.inertia or persistence 惰性
2.constancy恆定性
3.resilience回復
science focus
tropical rain forests vs. grasslands

species-rich communities tend to be productive and sustainable
theory and hypotheses
a species-rich community better able to recover or bounce back?
how much species diversity species richness is needed, still uncertain.
ecological roles play(6.2)

feeding relationship攝食關係
species diversity
species richness種的數目或豐富度
species evenness種的均勻度
nitch structure
resemble像,類似
severe嚴重的;劇烈的
three aspects of stablility or sustainablility in living system
inertia慣性;慣量;惰性
constancy恆久不變
resilience恢復力
bounce彈回
drought乾旱

chapter6-Community and population ecology

2008-09-10T09:35:00.014+08:00

群落與種群生態學
core case study-
why should we care about the america alligator?
大沼澤國家公園、地圖
1950年代開始大量捕殺為了肉exotic meat與皮supple belley skin, 1960s near extinction.
Alligator plays a number of roles in the ecosystems
niche- subtropical wetland communities
dig depressions or gator hole 可以儲水與食物給許多生物
nesting mounds
keep areas of open water, free of invading vegetation.
eat lagre numbers of gar, a predatory fish
keysotne species(幫助維持社群得結構、功能、永續）
1967列入enangered species list
世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄
1977重新分類為threatened species
alligator farms

outlived比...活得長
exotic奇特的
supple柔軟的
belly腹部
out of hatred憎惡
Florida Everglades沼澤地
gator=alligator
nest巢;窩 mound土墩;土石堆
heron鷺,蒼鷺
egret白鷺
gar長嘴硬鱗魚
game fish 供垂釣的魚
bass鱸魚
bream太陽魚
shrub矮樹;灌木
keystone species關鍵物種
retriever一種獵犬
rogue兇猛的
filing a request
hide獸皮;皮革
highlight使顯著,使突出

5.4p92-93

2008-05-12T20:40:00.003+08:00

5.4 What are the major types of aquatic systems?

Most of the earth is covered with water
1.four ocean: Atlantic, Arctic ocean北冰洋, Pacific, and Indian ocean. (five oceans: + southern ocean南冰洋)
2.aquatic life zone are classified into two major types: saltwater and freshwater
precious貴重的,寶貴的
film薄層;薄膜
equivalent相等的,相同的

Most aquatic species live in top, middle, or bottom layers of water
3.several types of organisms: plankton浮游生物(phytoplankton, zooplankton), nekton游行動物, benthos底生生物, decomposers.
4.surface, middle, and bottom layer. limit factors: temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen content, and availbaility of nutrients.
dweller居民
barnacle藤壺
spot地點
worm蟲,蠕蟲
burrow洞穴,地道
euphotic zone光亮帶, 水之最上層
marine snow海雪

5-5p94-99

2008-05-12T17:18:00.003+08:00

5-5What are the major ocean zones and how have we affected them?

Oecans provide important ecological and economic resources
oceans provide many important ecological and economic services.
pharmaceutical製藥

Most of the ecological action takes place in the coastal zone
1.oceans have three major life zones: coastal zone, open sea, and ocean bottom.
1.1coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, shorelines, and coral reefs have a high NPP per unit of area.
euphotic透光層 zone,
bathyal半深海zone,
abyssal深淵 zone

Estuaries and coastal wetlands are highly productive
2.estuaries, where rivers meet the sea
3.costal wetlands, land areas covered with water all or part of the year (包括river mouths, inlets水灣;小灣,bays, sounds海峽, salt marshes, mangrove forests)
3.1 coastal aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services.(filter toxic, reduce storm damage and coast erosion...)
excess過量,過剩
plume羽狀物

Living with the tides: rocky and sandy sores have different types of organisms
4.intertidal zone潮間帶
5.rocky shores and sandy shores
6.barrier beaches generally have one or more rows of natural sand dunes
pound猛擊
swept(sweep)沖走
crush壓碎,壓壞
barrier beach濱外沙埂; 障礙海灘
crustacean甲殼綱動物
ravages毀滅
anemone海葵
hermit 隱士crab
periwinkle玉黍螺
mussel珠蚌,河蚌
barnacle藤壺
sea lettuce萵苣
kelp海草;巨藻
monterey flatworm扁蟲
nudibranch裸鰓類動物
sculpin牛尾魚類;杜父魚
sea urchin海膽

Coral reefs are dazzling centers of aquatic biodiversity
7.mutually beneficial relationship between the polyps and the single-celled algae called zooxanthellae共生藻類(珊瑚的食物是珊瑚蟲體內的一種共生藻類製造的醣類，而這種藻類對溫度很敏感，當海水溫度升高攝氏三、四度，共生藻就無法製造珊瑚蟲所需的食物，進而造成珊瑚白化死亡。)
8.coral reefs ecological services and economic services
9.coral reefs are vulnerable to damage, temperature, acidity water
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
stunningly令人震驚地
polyp珊瑚蟲;水螅蟲
secrete分泌
elaborate精巧的
crevices裂縫,裂隙
moderate使和緩,減輕
molecules分子
antibiotic抗生素,抗菌素
ledge岩架,岩石突出部
condominium各戶有獨立產權的公寓(大廈)

In the open sea, light rules
10.according penetration of sunlight open ocean can distinguish three layers, brightly lit surface layer, dimly lit middle layer, dark bottom zone.
11.euphotic zone is brightly lit upper zone, 40% world's photosynthetic activity, nutrient levels are low, dissolved oxygen are high.
12.bathyal zone is the dimly lit middle zone
13.abyssal zone is dark and cold, little dissolved oxygen, teeming充滿的 with life
14.NPP

lit(light)照亮
predatory食肉的

Human activities are disrupting and degrading marine systems
trawler拖網漁船
bleaching白化

5-6p100-103

2008-05-12T16:18:00.005+08:00

5.6 What are the major types of freshwater systems and how have we affected them?

Water stands in some freshwater systems and flows in others
1.freshwater life zones include standing不流動的 and flowing systems

Lakes are depressions凹地,漥地 filled with freshwater
2.deep lakes normally consist of four distinct zones that define by depth and distance form shore, littoral沿岸的 zone(high biodiversity), limnetic透光層 zone(main photosynthetic body), profundal 深底的zone(without sunlight and plants, oxygen levels are low), benthic水底的 zone(it is nourished)
seepage滲流
drain排出
sunlit陽光照射的
cattail香蒲

Some lakes have more nutrients than others
3.ecologists classify lakes according to their nutrient content and primary productivity. oligotrophic 營養不足的lake(deep,crystal-clear water and a low NPP), eutrophic營養的 lake (shallow, murky陰鬱的 brown or green water, hith NPP), mesotrophic中營養的 lake
4.cultural eutrophication培養優養化
cloud使混濁
mat叢,簇,團[(+of)]
cyanobacteria藍綠藻

Freshwater streams and rivers carry water from the mountains to the oceans
5.surface water, runoff
6.watershed, drainage basin
7.three aquatic life zones: source zone, transition zone, floodplain zone.
8.coastal deltas, wetlands,and inland floodplains
canyon峽谷
low-lying低窪的
bordering area 接壤地區

Freshwater inland wetlands are vital sponges
9.inland wetland (marshes, swamps, prairie pothole洞坑, floodplains, and wet arctic tundra)
10.seasonal wetland use the composition of the soil or the presence of certain plants to determined.
11.provide wildlife habitats, filter toxic wastes, reduce flooding and erosion, replenish stream flows and recharge groundwater aquifers, recreational opportunities.
soggy潮濕的
bottomland窪地
cattail香蒲
bulrush蘆葦
red maple紅槭
shellfish貝
cranberries小紅莓

Human activities are disrupting and degrading freshwater systems
12. four major way :a. dams, and canals, b. flood control levees and dikes, c. city and farmland,
d. drained or filled.
Historically a dike (海堤)is used to divert or restain flood water from tidal bodies of water such as the system of dikes which protect the Netherlands. A levee (河堤), on the other hand, diverts or restains flood waters from streams and lakes, such as the system of levees which protect cities along the Mississippi River.

5.1p75-80

2008-05-11T10:46:00.005+08:00

5.Climate and biodiversity

Core case study-- blowing in the wind: connections between wind, climate, and biomes
1.the important of wind. the goodside: temperature, nutrients(phosphate, iron). the downside: dust storm, harmful substances(reddish-brown soil紅棕鈣土, pesticides殺蟲劑, fungi), toxic algal bloom(red tide), long-lived air pollutant污染物, smog.
unbearably不能忍受地
canopy頂篷
minute微小的
SUV (sport utility vehicle)
crust外殼
outbreak爆發
shellfish貝;甲殼類動物
paralyzed使麻痺
intensify加強,增強

5.1 What factors influence climate?

weather

climate

average temperature

average precipitation

latitude

elevation

cell

prevailing wind

current

density

ENSO

The earth have many different climates
2. different weather(short-term) and climate(general pattern)-temperature and precipitation
3. climate relate factor: latitude and elevation
humorist幽默作家

Global air circulation and ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly
4. three factors determine how air circulates in the atmosphere: a.uneven heating, b. rotation of the earth on its axis, c. properties of air, water, and land.
5. prevailing winds, six giant convection 對流cells( Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, polar cell)
6. currents洋流北半球順時針南半球反時針 help mix ocean water and distribute nutrients and dissolved oyxgen
7. heat is also distributed to the different parts of the ocean and mix vertically
8. ocean and atmosphere are strongly linked in two ways: ocean currents are affected by wind, heat from the ocean affects atmosphere circulations
9. ENSO (El Nino-- Southern Oscillation)
slanted斜的
deflected使偏斜;使轉向
bulk大部分
conveyer belt傳送帶

Greehouse gases warm the lower atmosphere

10. greenhouse gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide.

nitrous oxide一氧化二氮, 氧化亞氮

The earth's surface feature affect local climates

11. water and land different absorbed and released heat

12.topographic features: mountains (windward slop/leeward slop)

13. rain shadow effect can formation desert (Mt Whitney and Death valley)

14. cities also create distinct microclimates

suck up吸收

asphalt瀝青;柏油

haze霾,薄霧

5.2p80-90

2008-05-11T10:42:00.009+08:00

5.2 How does climate affect the nature and location of biomes?
Climate affects where organisms can live
1.deserts, glasslands, and forests casued by global air circulation
2.def. biomes, patch
Patch斑塊：指可以作為同質處理的土地單位，具有生態系統的特性，其空間尺度通常為10-100m(100-10000m2)
UCMP的線上資料-The world's biomes
herbs草本植物
lichens地衣
mosses苔蘚
coniferous結毬果的
deciduous落葉性的

There are three major types of desert
3.tropical deserts, Shara (27N)and Namib(25S)
4.temperate desert, Mojave(加州內華達州35N)
5.cold desert, Gobi desert (44N)
5.1 fig5-10 tropical seasonal forest熱帶季節林, scrubland硬葉灌叢帶, savanna疏林草原, chaparral常綠密生灌木叢
baking烘焙,烘烤
roast烤,炙
shiver發抖,打顫
strewn (strew)鋪蓋
sparse稀疏的
shrub矮樹;灌木

Science focus-- staying alive in the desert
6.beat the heat and every drop of water counts
7.drop(no) leaves, fleshy多肉的 tissue, pores 氣孔open only at night, deep roots or widely spread roots, wax-coated leaves or needles, store in seeds.
8.small, dormant冬眠的;休眠的, dense hair, does not sweat, water store in fat(動,植物)脂肪, dthick outer covering, dry feces 排泄物, dried concentrate of urine尿
cacti(cactus)仙人掌
mesquite豆科灌木
creosote木焦油灌木
dormant 冬眠的;休眠的
succulent【植】肉質的
spine(動、植物的)刺,針
precious珍貴的
germinate發芽;生長
carpet地毯
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
beat打敗
burrow洞穴,地道
crevice裂縫,裂隙
kangaroo rat

There are three major types of glasslands
9.seasonal drought, grazing by large herbivores, occasional fires
10.tropical grassland, savanna, niches
11.temperate grassland, aboveground parts of most of the grasses die (or fire), tall-grass prairies and short-grass prairies, winds and fires hindering tree growth. have fertile soil transfor growing crops and grazing cattle.

低草型草原short grassland：草層高度在50 cm以下的草原。高草型草地grassland of tallgrass type ：草高80 cm或100 cm以上的草地。
12.cold grassland or arctic tundra, thick, spongy mat of low-growing plants.
13.permafrost
14.alpine tundra
clump樹叢
acacia刺槐
thorns刺,棘
grazing吃草
browsing吃葉(或嫩枝)
hoofed有蹄的
wildebeest牛羚
gazelle瞪羚
giraffe長頸鹿
anteople羚羊
hyena鬣狗,土狼
shoot幼芽,幼枝
stems莖
tap (為抽液而作的)穿刺
ice cap冰帽,冰蓋
scant少量的
carpet地毯
spongy海綿狀的
mat地蓆;草蓆
dwarf侏儒
consecutive連貫的
soaking浸泡
bog沼澤,泥塘
waterlogged水澇的
horde群;一大群
colonies集群;群體
waterfowl水鳥;水禽
musk ox麝香牛
lemming旅鼠(北極產)
caribou北美馴鹿
scars疤;傷痕

There are three major types of forest
15.tropical rain forest, broadleaf evergreen plants, draped with vines(lianas), cover 2% of the earth's land surface, contain at least half of the known terrestrial species, niches in distinct layers, decompose quickly, most nutrients are in tree.
16.temperate deciduous forest, dominated by a few species of broadleaf deciduous trees, slow rate of decomposition.
17.evergreen coniferous forest, boreal forest and taiga, dominated by a few species of coniferous evergreen trees, high soil acidity, contain a variety of wildlife.
18.coastal coniferous forests or temperate rain forests, ample rainfall or moisture form dense ocean fogs.
boreal北極的
laden裝滿的
illumination照明,照亮
dim微暗的
greenish微綠的
drape覆蓋
vines藤,藤蔓
liana藤本植物
teeming充滿的
hickory山胡桃屬植物
maple槭樹,楓樹
poplar白楊
beech山毛櫸
dormant冬眠的;休眠的
array大量
Sierra 內華達山脈正確的說法是「the Sierra Nevada」，或簡稱為「the Sierra」
spruce雲杉
fir冷杉
cedar西洋杉
hemlock鐵杉
pine松樹
conifer針葉樹
acidity酸性;酸度
lynx山貓
burrow洞穴,地道
rodent齧齒目動物
warbler鳴禽
caterpillar毛蟲,蠋(蝶、蛾的幼蟲)
sitka spruce 錫特卡雲杉
Harpy eagle哈比鷹
Toco toucan托科巨嘴鳥
Wooly opossum負鼠
Brazilian tapir貘(ㄇㄛˋ)
Black-crowned antpitta蟻鶇(dong ㄉㄨㄥ)

Mountains play important ecological roles
19. play important ecological roles, habitats(endemic species, sanctuaries), regulate climate, hydrologic cycle.
freestanding獨立式的
sanctuary庇護所,避難所
fate命運

5-3p91-92

2008-05-11T10:24:00.004+08:00

5.3How have we affected the world's terrestrial ecosystems?
Humans have disturbed most of the earth's land
1.62% of the world's major terrestrial ecosystems are being degraded or used unsustainably.
2.balance between expolitation and conservation
impairing損害,損傷
destruction破壞;毀滅
eating away不停地吃
grip理解;掌握
controversial爭論的

4.1p63-66

2008-04-25T16:20:00.010+08:00

4.Evolution and biodiversity

Core case study- the adaptability of life on the earth
1.the earth's orbit is right distance from the sun(temperature)
2.the size of earth is also just right for life(gravitational mass引力質量)
3.two amazing features of planet are its biodiversity and sustainability
condense使冷凝,使凝結
enormously巨大地,龐大地
resilient彈回的;有彈力的
lethal致命的

4.1 what is biological evolution and how does it occur?

Biological evolution is the scientific explanation of how the earth's life changes over time
1. 4-100 million species come from biological evolution: gene change. theory of evolution
2. earth 4.7 billion years, life 3.7 billion years, human species 200 thousand years
化石.冰核.岩層中取得生物證據
演化（Evolution）又稱進化，在生物學中是指族群裡的遺傳性狀(genetic traits )在世代之間的變化。所謂性狀則是指基因的表現，這些基因在繁殖過程中，會經複製並傳遞到子代。wiki
2008/5/9鴨嘴獸的報導，提到演化的證據指出鴨嘴獸在基因上是集合鳥類、爬蟲類與哺乳類動物之大成。牠在一億六千六百萬年前左右，開始與其他哺乳類分道揚鑣，但仍與人類、老鼠等遠親擁有八十二％相同的基因。自由電子報
生物演化
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=-ONwp56pMBE&feature=related

化石(石化現象)

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=G4jM2t3NHPA&feature=related
descended來自於
ancestral祖先的
ignite使燃燒
overdose藥劑過量
remarkable非凡的;卓越的
incredible不能相信的
despite儘管,任憑
mineralized礦化
petrified石化的
replica複製品
skeleton骨骼;骸骨
impression壓印;印記
herbivore食草動物

Cenozoic新生代的（地質年代表）

primitive遠古的;早期的
still more更多

the genetic makeup of a population can change
3.populations evlove by becoming genetically different
4.genetic variability occurs through mutation變種,突變(random mistake, external agent)
每個細胞都可能發生突變但僅有生殖細胞的突變可以遺傳到下一代有時這種突變可使這些生物體有較多存活與繁殖機會

make-up構成;構造

mutation變種,突變
mutagen誘導有機體突變的因子
genetic trait遺傳特徵(性狀)

Individuals in populations with beneficial genetic traits can leave more offspring
5.natural selection發生在個體 evolution則發生在族群
6.adaptive trait適應性狀 and differential reproduction繁殖差異
7. face with change in envrionmental conditions, a population of a species has three possibilities: adapt適應, migrate遷移, become extinct滅絕.
8.the process of biological evolution by natural selection 可摘要簡化為: 基因突變.個體選擇.族群演化當環境改變時具有較佳的存活與繁殖適應力
genetic traits 遺傳性狀
heritable會遺傳的

Science focus-- how did we become such a powerful species?
9.strong opposable thumbs可對立的拇指, ability to walk upright直立行走, complex brain複雜頭腦.
deficiency不足,缺乏
twitch猛拉,急扯

Populations of different species compete to change their genes and leave the most offspring
9. coevolution共同演化(協同進化) bat and moth story
bat蝙蝠
moth蛾
echolocation回波定位
pulse脈衝;脈衝波
sonic聲音的
countermeasure對策
evasively逃避地
click卡嗒聲,喀嚓聲
jam干擾
prey被捕食的動物
predator食肉動物;掠奪者

4.2p66-68

2008-04-25T16:10:00.007+08:00

4.2 How do geological and climate changes affect evolution?

Geologic processes affect natural selection
1.板塊構造運動tectonic plates (180 million years)effect on the evolution and location of life on the earth a. 大陸位置影響climate b. movement of continents促使適應新環境經由天擇產生新品種 c. earthquack會造成物種族群的分開與隔離長久時間後產生新物種d. volcanic eruption摧毀棲地減少或掃除物種族群
1.1.continental drifthttp://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=gO2qYMsNHGk&NR=1
molten熔化的,熔解的
gigantic巨大的,龐大的

tectonic plates板塊構造
atop在...頂上

Climate change and catastrophes affect natural selection
2.氣候變遷long-term climate change effect biological evolution
3.曾經有半數的地球生物被清除在five mass extinctiions over the past 500 million years 原因是小行星的撞擊.海水中大量有毒氣體硫化氫進入大氣.氣候變遷

根據化石記錄，地質歷史上曾發生過5次大的生物集群滅絕事件，白堊紀-第三紀滅絕事件因恐龍的滅絕而受到關注，不過二疊紀生物絕滅事件卻是規模最大、涉及生物類群最多、影響最為深遠的一次。

第一次发生在距今4．4亿年的奥陶纪末期；第二次在距今3．75亿年的晚泥盆纪早期；第三次在距今2．5亿年的二叠纪末期；第四次在距今2．08亿年的三叠纪末期；第五次在距今6500万年的白垩纪末期．（source: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=205020 )

6.如果地球溫度上升六度
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=O8qmaAMK4cM
asteroid小行星

drastically激烈地,大大地

4.3p68-69

2008-04-25T16:00:00.005+08:00

4.3 what is an ecological niche?

Each species plays a unique role in its ecosystem
1.生態地位(棲位)(位)ecological niche is its way of life or role in a community or ecosystem
2.generalist species廣泛性物種 have broad niches, live in many different places, eat variety food, tolerate wide range environmental condition.
3.specialist species特化物種 occupy narrow niches, live only one type of habitat, few type of food tolerate a narrow range of climate and 其他各種環境狀況
4.何種較優視狀況而定當環境穩定時特化物種較有利當環境經常改變時則有利於廣泛性物種
raccoon浣熊
crustaceans貝類

skimmer燕鷗

flamingo紅鶴

scaup斑背潛鴨

pelican鵜鵠

heron蒼鷺

avocet長腳鷸

oystercatcher蠣鷸

dowitcher灰色田鷸

herring gull 銀鷗

knot(sandpiper鷸)

turnstone鶇

plover千鳥

mollusk軟體動物

wade into攻擊

bill鳥嘴

clam蛤蠣

mussel貽貝

shellfish貝

pry翹起

beak口

probe探查

recede tide 退潮

Science focus-- cockroaches: natures's ultimate survivors
5.one of evolution's great success stories, 350 million years
6.複眼2000晶體, 1年能繁殖10million個後代 high reproductive rate
fingernail clipping指甲
ecectrical cords電源線
glue膠水
soap肥皂
dishrag抹布
evade躲避;逃避
pursuit追蹤,追擊
lenses(眼球的)晶體
hepatitis肝炎
polio小兒麻痺症
typhoid fever傷寒的
plague鼠疫
salmonella沙門氏菌
asthma氣喘
allergic過敏的

4.4p69-71

2008-04-25T15:37:00.001+08:00

4.4 How do extinction, speciation, and human activities affect biodiversity?

How do new species evolve?
1.天擇nautral selection can lead to an entirely new species call speciation物種形成
2.地理隔離geographic isolation and 生殖隔離reproductive isolation it take tens of thousnads and millions of years.
phase階段,時期

Extinction is forever
3.species that are found in only one area are called endemic species (如golden toad- specialist species)第一個全球暖化的滅絕物種, 減少了森林中的水氣量.
endemic某地特有的
brilliantly燦爛地
toad蟾蜍,癩蛤蟆
lush蒼翠繁茂的

Species become extinct individually and in large groups
4.背景滅絕background exitction as local environmental conditions changs, species disappear at a low rate速率為每年100萬個物種中1-5種消失
5.大滅絕mass extinction 有25-70% species wipe out. 地球經歷5 次mass extinctions during the past 500 million years.
古生代(a. 奧陶紀大滅絕500 million, b. 泥盆紀大滅絕345 million, c. 二疊紀大滅絕250 million), 中生代(d. 三疊紀大滅絕180 million, e. 白堊紀大滅絕65 million)
6.環境改變造成新物種的產生與舊物種的滅絕二者的平衡決定了地球的生物多樣性

Human activities can cause the premature extinction of species
7.human have become a major force in the premaute extinction of species物種過早滅絕.
8.decrease the earth's biodiversity a. premature extinction of species, b.destroy or degrade habitats人類佔據太多的地表及淨初級生產力(NPP)
8.exitnction rate increased by 100-1000 times durning 20th century預估2050年會有1/4物種滅絕本世紀末則有1/2物種滅絕
scientific科學上的
consensus輿論
premature過早的
unabated不減弱的
all-out全力以赴
recoup恢復

4.5p71-73

2008-04-25T13:44:00.018+08:00

4.5 How might genetic engineering affect evolution?
artifical selection人工選擇

natural selection自然選擇（天擇）

selective breeding選拔育種

genetic engineering/gene splicing基因工程/基因剪接

genetically modified organisms(GMOs)/transgenic organisms基因改造生物/轉基因生物

genome基因體（組）

secondary evolution

primary evolution

designer babies定制嬰孩
We have developed two ways to change the genetic traits of population
1.artificial selection人擇在相似的基因中, selective breeding選擇育種法,crossbreeding雜交育種法(緩慢且僅能在相近基因中進行)
2.genetic engineering or gene splicing基因接合(疊接)可將不同生物的基因增加.減少.或改變DNA的片段來增加或消去基因特徵
3.genetically modified organisms(GMOs)基因改造生物 or transgenic organisms基因轉殖生物
利用遺傳工程，藉由 DNA 載體把外來基因導入植物體內，已經成功且高效率地育成傳統育種法無法獲得的作物新品種，各種植物基因轉殖法中，比較常用的是基因槍轉植、農桿菌轉殖及電穿孔轉殖法，番茄基因轉殖流程：把希望轉殖入番茄體內的目標基因先放入載體中，再裝入農桿菌的細胞內，藉由農桿菌可以感染植物的特性，把目標基因帶入番茄細胞內，並進一步導入番茄的染色體中，之後再以組織培養的方式培養出具特殊性狀的基改番茄新品種。

基因工程影片

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=AEINuCL-5wc&feature=related
4.schwarzenegger mouse肌肉, marathon mouse不累, methuselah mouse長命
crossbreeding雜交繁育
note注意
alteration改變,變更
interbreed品種雜交
extract提取,提煉
spill洩漏
cholesterol膽固醇
rot腐爛,腐壞

Our ability to manipulate genes holds great promise but raises some serious questions
5.genome 基因組is an organism's entire set of genes.
Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project(1990-2003基因組測序 sequence the 3 billion DNA letters in the human genome) 人類基因組計劃研究包括兩項工作：把脫氧核糖核酸 (DNA) 的大片斷 (large fragments) 排列成適當的次序，包括全部的人類染色體 (chromosomes) ；然後確定這些片斷的 DNA 次序 (sequence) 。DNA分子含有四種鹼基：腺嘌呤(A)、鳥嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)和胸腺嘧啶(T)。人體共有二十三對染色體，人類基因組工程的最終目標，是正確地把這二十三對染色體，共約三十一億個 DNA 單位順序排列。人類的 DNA 長兩公尺，存在於每個細胞中，裏面包含了人體所有生理結構的指令。 the exact number of genes encoded by the genome is still unknown, the estimated number of human protein-coding genes from 35,000 to only 20,000-25,000. have confirmed the existence of 19,599 protein-coding genes in the human genome and identified another 2,188 DNA segments that are predicted to be protein-coding genes. - Human genome project information
6.secondary evolution人為修改基因(cutting out, rearrange, and adding viarious snippets), primary evolution(natural selection)
7.convtroversial ethical and privacy issues: abortions, health insure, employment, justice. designer babies 天才.音樂家.美女. but what should we change human nature to? 但我們應該怎樣改變人性？
8.基因工程的風險

何梅望教授（Prof. Mae Wan Ho；音譯），英國自由大學(Open Univ.)生物系——「基因工程不同於傳統育種，它是利用人為方式組成的寄生蟲基因，包括病毒，做為轉移截體，將新組成的基因結構偷偷轉植到寄主生物細胞內，一旦進入細胞，就將自己安插在寄主的基因組(Genome)中。我們早就知道，將外來基因轉移到寄主生物的做法會引起許多致命的危害，癌症就是其中之一。」

約瑟夫．克敏博士(Dr. Joseph Cummins)，西安大略大學(West Ontario Univ.)遺傳學榮譽教授——「也許，基因改造作物最大的威脅源自於將改造的病毒基因轉移到作物。實驗室中已證明基因重組會導致更毒烈的新病毒，一般常用的花椰菜嵌紋病毒(Cauliflower Mosaic Virus)是一種寄生性反轉錄病毒(pararetrovirus)，它根據ＲＮＡ的遺傳物複製成ＤＮＡ來繁殖，類似Ｂ型肝炎，並與ＨＩＶ有關。改造的病毒很可能毀滅作物，造成飢荒，為人畜帶來嚴重的疾病。」

喬治．華德博士(Dr. George Wald)，一九六七年諾貝爾醫學獎得主，哈佛大學生物學教授——「ＤＮＡ基因重組技術（基因工程）帶給社會的問題，不僅是科學史上前所未有的，也是地球生物所不曾見的，它賦與人類重新設計生命機體的能力，而這些生物體是要經過三十億年不斷演化才能得到的成果。」「這種人為操縱基因的方式，與早先干擾生物自然運作而採取的動、植物育種，或以人為方式，利用Ｘ光誘引的突變是不相同的，不可以混為一談，所有以前的做法都只是在第一品種或相類似的品種之間處理。新科技主要的重點則在於將基因來回移植於不同品種之間，完全跨越各種生物體的界限。這樣做的結果，必定會產生新的生物，而會自行繁衍，長久存在。新生物一旦被創造，就無法被撤消。」。《科學》雜誌，一九七六年九、十月號

農業基因改造的風險

科技精準度不夠,副作用,作物全面性歉收,威脅所有食品來源,未經長期安全測試,毒素,過敏反應,降低營養價值,對抗抗生素的細菌,無法追蹤問題根源,副作用具殺傷力,增加除草劑用量,更多殺蟲藥,破壞生態平衡,基因污染無法淨化.( www.safe.food.org)

snippet片斷
implanting移植
glacially冰川的
great promise前程遠大的，大有前途的
controversial爭論的
deficiency缺陷,缺點
abortion墮胎
defective有缺陷的
fetuses胎兒
fertility clinics生育診所
geniuses天才
musicians音樂家
athlete運動員

3.4 p48-50

2008-03-31T10:09:00.008+08:00

What is biodiversity and why is it important?

Biodiversity is a crucial part of the earth's natural capital
1. genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity, functional diversity, species diversity
2. biodiversity supplies us with food, wood, fibers, energy, and medicines.
3. biodiversity preserve the quality of the air and water, maintain the fertility of soil, dispose of wastes, and control populations of pests.
dispose處置,處理
white ukari(uakari) 白禿猴
flesh flower (rafflesia)大王花, 腐屍花, 萊佛士亞花
rotting腐爛,腐壞
slimy覆有黏泥(或黏液)的

Science focus- soil is the base of life on land
4. def soil (eroded rock, mineral nutrient, organic matter, water, air, living organism)提供植物營養,儲存與淨化水質,控制氣候.
5. mature soil conatin at least three horizontal layers (O=leaf litter枯枝落葉層, A=topsoil腐植質表土層, B=subsoil澱積層底土層, C=parent material風化層)
6. one centimeter of topsoil can take hundreds of years to form 但可以在數週或數月就流失或吹走如果我們將地表森林或植物清除使其沒有保護時
7. O , A horizon
decaying腐朽,腐爛
microscopic微小的
ecomposer分解者
fragment碎片,破片;斷片
particle微粒;顆粒
leaf litter枯枝落葉層
teem充滿,富於
draw up
stem莖,(樹)幹,(葉)柄
gravel砂礫,碎石
pores毛孔;氣孔;細孔
anchored使固定,繫住
trickle細細地流
plow犁
mole鼴鼠,錢鼠
millipede節肢動物
wood sorrel酢醬草(幸運草)
honey fungus蜜環菌
fern蕨類植物
moss苔蘚
lichen地衣
mite小蜘蛛,小蝨 ,螨
red earth mite(red velvet mites )紅絨蟎
nematode線蟲類

3.5 p50-53

2008-03-31T10:08:00.008+08:00

What happens to energy in an ecosystem?

Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and food webs
1. food chain(energy flow)
2. food web真實世間中大多消費者不只一種食物來源故食物鏈成為網狀
3. trophic level營養級

caterpillar毛蟲
robin知更鳥
hawk鷹,隼
sperm whale 抹香鯨
crabeater seal食蟹海豹
elephant seal象海豹
Leopard seal 豹海豹
petrel 海燕
adelie penguin 阿德利企鵝
carnivorous肉食性的
plankton浮游生物
herbivorous食草的
zooplankton浮游動物
phytoplankton浮游植物
krill磷蝦

Usable energy decreases with each link in a food chain or web
4. def biomass生物量(the dry weight of all organic matter contained in its organisms)
5. ecological efficiency 2% to 40%, 10% is typical(熱力學第二定律)
6. pyramid of energy flow能量金字塔 (吃蔬果少吃肉可減碳)
7. food chains and webs rarely have more than four or five trophic levels

Some ecosystems produce plant matter faster than others do
8. gross primary porductivity (GPP)粗初級生產力, net primary productive(NPP)淨初級生產力=GPP-R(respiration)
9. human (1%)now use, waste, or destory about 20-32% of the earth's total potential NPP(承載量)

aerobic需氧的;有氧的
expense開支;經費
swamp林澤,mash草澤 A marsh is different from a swamp, which has a greater proportion of open water surface, and is generally deeper than a marsh. In North America, the term swamp is used for wetland dominated by trees rather than grasses and low herbs.

3.6 p54-59

2008-03-31T10:07:00.016+08:00

What happens to matter in an ecosytem?

Matter cycles within ecosystems and in the biosphere
1. biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles養分循環(元素與化合物構成營養物質)
1-1. reserviors儲存地
Attila the Hun匈奴王

Water cycles through the biosphere
2. hydrologic cycle or water cycle 由太陽能所產生 84%的蒸發來自於海洋
3. 陸地上about 90% land water through transpiration蒸散 reachs the atmosphere
4. water is major medium for transporting nutrients in ecosystem
5. water purify process (natural renewal of water quality) (only about 0.024% earth water human can available)
6. human alter the water cycle
ends up結束
seep滲出;漏
replenish把...裝滿
sculptor雕刻家
alter改變

Science focus- water's unique properties
7. forces of attraction引力, 液態停留時間長(hydrogen bond氫鍵), changes temperature slowly, take a large amount of energy to evaporate water, dissolve ability溶解力, filter out UV radiation, capillary action毛細現象, water expands when it freezes結冰膨漲.
coolant冷卻劑
perspiration汗,汗水
tissue(動植物的)組織
flush沖洗
cleanser清潔劑
dilute稀釋
adhere黏附,緊黏
fracture使破裂;使斷裂
capillary毛細管

Carbon cycles through the bioshpere
8. 碳為碳水化合物.脂肪.蛋白質DNA及其他有機化合物的基本元素碳的循環是以二氧化碳氣體型式循環
8-1. carbon dioxide is a key component of nautue's thermostate (0.038%)
9. phtotsynthesis 光合作用and aerobic respiration有氧呼吸
10. human altering the carbon cycle讓大量的二氧化碳進入大氣層
thermostat恆溫器

Nitrogen cycles through the biosphere: bacteria in action
11. nirtogen is the atmosphere's most abundant element (78%)
12. nitrogen gas cannot absorbed and used directly as a nutrient by multicellular plants or animals動植物無法直接吸收利用是蛋白質維他命核酸的主要元素
13. two nautral process convert or fix N2 into compounds. (electrical discharges, lightning放電,閃電)(nitrogen-fixing bacteria固氮菌產生氨ammonia及氨離子ammonia ions)

閃電固氮

氮是相當不活潑的分子，但是一道閃電的能量可讓氮與氧直接反應而生成氮氧化合物──主要有一氧化氮及二氧化氮。只要一下雨就將這些化合物從大氣中沖刷下來，形成稀硝酸，到達泥土中就轉為硝酸鹽。

生物固氮作用Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) occurs when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by a pair of bacterial enzymes called nitrogenase.^[1]The formula for BNF is:

N₂ + 8H⁺ + 8e⁻ + 16 ATP → 2NH₃ + H₂ + 16ADP + 16 P_i

14. 將氨轉化的過程稱nitrification硝化作用,有兩個步驟 nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽(毒性) then nitrate ions硝酸鹽，後者容易被植物根部吸收，用來製造胺基酸、蛋白質、核甘酸、維他命。

含氮廢棄物分解
15. ammonification氨化作用是分解作用土壤細菌將含氮有機化合物轉為簡單得無機含氮化合物如氨或氨離子。
16. denitrification反硝化作用(脫氮作用)反硝化细菌在缺氧条件下，还原氨與氨離子（硝酸鹽）成氮與氮離子，最後释放出氣態的氮（N2）或一氧化二氮（N2O）的过程。
17. human intervene the nitrogen cycle in serveal ways(如使用肥料及化石燃料.畜牧業) cause nitrogen overload 氮污染(優養化(eutrophication).酸沉降.硝酸氮的濃度如果太高，作物就會呈現「過肥現象」. 亞硝酸氮是不同含氮型態中毒性最高的，進入人體會引發癌症.)
unreactive化學上惰性
algae水藻,海藻
cyanobacteria
excrete排泄;分泌
ammonia氨 NO3
nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽NO2-
nitrate ions硝酸鹽NO3-
cast-off放出
waterlogged水浸的,水澇的
bog沼澤,泥塘
overload超載;超負荷

Phosphorus cycles through the biosphere
18. phosphorus磷 cycle through water, the earth's crust, and living organism. does not include the atmosphere, the cycle is slow compare other cycles.主要儲存形式為磷酸鹽為岩層中或在海底沉積
19. phosphorous is a component of biologically important molecules such as nucleic acid核酸, 粒線體ADP and ATP, vertebrate bones and teeth脊椎動物硬骨及牙齒.
20. 大多土地缺乏磷固成為limiting factor for plant growth both land and fresh water
phosphate salt磷酸鹽
21. 人類干擾磷肥造成水中含磷過多造成優養化熱帶伐林造成土壤磷減少
upset打亂,攪亂

3.7 p59-61

2008-03-31T10:05:00.004+08:00

How do scientists study ecosystems?

Some scientists study nature directly
1. field research, laboratory research, mathematical and other models

2. field research (muddy-boots biology泥靴生物學)

3. GIS software
trek艱苦跋涉
wade涉水而行
erect豎起的
crane起重機,吊車
stretch伸直;伸出
canopy頂篷;罩
composite合成的,複合的
gauge測量儀器
buoy浮標,浮筒

Some scientists study ecosystems in the laboratory
3. carry out controlled experiments
culture tube培養試管
chamber房間
catch隱藏的困難
couple with與...聯繫起來

Some scientists use models to simulate ecosystems
4. mathematical and other models that simulate ecosystem
5. baseline data and key variables

We need to learn more about the health of the world's ecosystem
6. baseline data
massive program大量的,大規模的計劃方案

3.2 p42-44

2008-03-30T13:46:00.005+08:00

3.2 What keeps us and other organisms alive?

The earth's life-support system has four major components
1. four main spherical system: atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere地圈, biosphere.
2. liquid water, ice, water vaper
3. core, mantle, crust. def lithosphere
4. the goal of ecology is to understand the interaction in the biosphere(air, water, soil, and organisms)
spherical球的;球面的
envelope氣囊
methane甲烷,沼氣
stretching使延伸
sunscreen遮光劑
permafrost永久凍土(層)

Life exits on land and in water
5. classified the terrestrail portion of the biosphere into biomes(forests, deserts, and grasslands)
6. classified the watery parts of the biosphere into aquatic life zone(freshwater life zones, marine life zones)
biome最大的地理生物單位，對環境條件有相似要求的植物和動物的大群落。包括不同的生物群落和群落的各個發展階段，並按占優勢的植被類型命名，如草原或針葉林。若干類似的生物群落組成一個生物群落類型，如溫帶落葉林生物群落類型包括亞洲、歐洲和北美洲的落葉林生物群落。在歐洲，對生物群落的標準用詞是「大生活帶」（major life zone）。-大英簡明百科
terrestrial陸地的
biome生物社會

39th parallel緯度39度
spanning橫跨
scrub灌木叢
prairie大草原

Three factors sustain life on earth
7. the oneway flow of high-energy form the sun.(the first and second law of thermodynamatics)
8. the cycling of matter or nutrients (the law of conservation of matter)
9. gravity
enable使能夠

What happens to solar energy reaching the earth?
10. 1% incoming energy generates winds
11. less than 0.1% income energy produce nutrients through photosynthesis.
12. natural greenhouse effect, human-enhanced global warming. (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone)
immense巨大的
helium氦
vastness廣闊;龐大
flesh肉
nitrous氮的
intercepted攔截

3.3 p44-47

2008-03-30T13:31:00.005+08:00

3.3 What are the major components of an ecosystem?

Ecosystems have living and noliving components
1. two type of components make up the biosphyere: abiotic and biotic
2. range of tolerance

Several abiotic factors can limit population growth
3. limiting factors, on land limiting factor principle(precipitation, soil nutrients, water, fertilizer, temperature)
4. aquatic life zine the limiting factors(temperature, sunlight, nutrient, oxygen, salinity)
phosphorus磷
potassium鉀
salinity鹽度

Producers, consumers, and decomposers are the living components of ecosystems
5. def feeding level, or trophic lever 營養級
6. producers(autotrophs自養生物, self-feeders), green plants, phytoplankton, photosynthesis.
7. consumers(heterotrophs, other-feeders)
8. primary consumer(herbivores), secondary consumer(carnivores食肉動物), third consumer(higher-level consumers), omnivores.雜食動物
9. decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
10. detritus feeder(detritivores)
11. aerobic需氧的 respiration
12. anaerobic respiration(fermentation發酵)
feed on以...為食物
secreting分泌
enzyme酵素
mite小蝨
scavenger食腐動物
vulture禿鷹
hordes一大群
remain剩下,餘留
ethyl alcohol乙醇,酒精
acetic acid乙酸,醋酸
vinegar醋
fungus菌類植物
long-horned beetle天牛
bark beetle小蠹蟲
engraving雕刻
carpenter ant木蟻
gallery地道;橫坑道
termite 白蟻
dry rot fungus惟乾腐菌

Energy flow and nutrient recycling sustain ecosystems
13. one-way energy flow from the sun and nutrient recycling
14. decomposers and detritus feeders食腐質，食碎屑生物 complete the cycling of matter

二十四節氣

2008-03-22T13:26:00.000+08:00

二十四氣節系統是逐步完備起來的。
早在春秋時期的著作《尚書》中就有記載。書中把夏至叫做日永，冬至叫做日短。

戰國末期著作《呂氏春秋》已明確提到立春、立夏、立秋、立冬四個節氣。

在西漢劉安等人所著的《淮南子》裏，就出現了和後世完全相同的二十四節氣了，這是目前所見到的二十四節氣的最早記載。

二十四節氣以春、夏、秋、冬四季為周期，是地球繞太陽旋轉的反映，所以它純屬農曆　中的陽曆成分。從天文學角度來看，節氣是以太陽在黃道上所處的位置來確定的。人們把黃道分為三百六十度。整個黃道被分為二十四小段，每一小段為十五度，兩小段之間的交點就是一個節氣。節氣就是這樣產生的，所以它每年在公曆上的日期基本上是固定的，各年之間最多　相差一天；而在農曆上，節氣的日期是不固定的，各年之間可相差許多天。

二十四節氣的產生與應用，首先是在黃河中下游地區，以後才逐漸推廣到全國各地，所　以二十四節氣與黃河中下游地區的氣候、農事活動的關係更加密切。

小寒（國曆1月5或6或7日）‧
大寒（國曆1月19或20或21日）‧
立春（國曆2月3或4或5日）‧
雨水（國曆2月18或19或20日）‧
驚蟄（國曆3月5或6或7日）‧
春分（國曆3月20或21或22日）‧
清明（國曆4月4或5或6日）‧
穀雨（國曆4月19或20或21日）‧
立夏（國曆5月5或6或7日）‧
小滿（國曆5月20或21或22日）‧
芒種（國曆6月5或6或7日）‧
夏至（國曆6月20或21或22日）‧
小暑（國曆7月6或7或8日）‧
大暑（國曆7月22或23或24日）‧
立秋（國曆8月7或8或9日）‧
處暑（國曆8月22或23或24日）‧
白露（國曆9月7或8或9日）‧
秋分（國曆9月22或23或24日）‧
寒露（國曆10月7或8或9日）‧
霜降（國曆10月23或24日）‧
立冬（國曆11月7或8日）‧
小雪（國曆11月21或22或23日）‧
大雪（國曆12月6或7或8日）‧
冬至（國曆12月21或22或23日）

農委會連結

2.1 p23-28

2008-03-21T13:27:00.008+08:00

Chapter2 Science, Matter, and Energy
Core case study--carrying out a controlled scientific experiment
1. controlled experimental 控制實驗 control site控制組（對照組） and experimental site實驗組

New Hampshire新罕布夏州(美東北角）
impenetrable不能通過的
notched槽口,凹口

2-1 What is science?
Science is a search for order in nature
1. scientific process (fig2.2)
2.科學過程中三要素 skeptism, peer reivew, reproducibility
endeavor努力,力圖
flashlight手電筒
retention保留;保持
tentative試驗性的,
fed into饋入
validity正確
skepticism懷疑的態度
peer同事

reproducibility(reproducible可複製的)

respected受尊敬的
subjected提供;呈交

Science focus- Easter island
4. why did the trees never grow back?(rats)
復活島the easternmost island in Polynesia, was so named by Jacob Roggeveen who came upon it on Easter Sunday in 1722.(復活節在每年春分月圓之後第一個星期日.) Population estimates by European explorers in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries ranged from 600 to 3,000, although none can be considered reliable. In 1872 reliable missionary reports indicated only 175 people on Easter Island.
早期的假說:2900年前polynesians到達此島智利西方3600km 利用島上肥沃土壤與森林快速成長人口增加到15,000 但因人口過多造成不永續使得森林不見無法出海航行與捕魚森林消失也造成水源不足.作物欠收.土壤侵蝕.缺乏燃料.最後造成部落爭奪資源發生戰爭，文明衰敗人口減少。到1870s僅有原住民100人。
2006新假說:採用新技術的量測與新證據所提出時間是在900年前非2900年前最多的人口不超過3000人當地人確實在森林與作物利用上不用續1722年的資料顯示島上樹木多已消失樹木消失的原因是因為老鼠的數量過多引發人口數劇降是跟外地人入侵所帶來的傳染性疾病(哥倫布發現新大陸時將天花與流感....等傳染病帶到美洲造成瘟疫使得印地安人大量死亡90%, 不過也將梅毒帶回歐洲真是一報還一報) 及當地人被販賣成為奴隸等因素所造成
revision修訂
expanse廣闊的區域
anthropological人類學的
hull船身;船殼
seagoing在大洋裡航行的
lush蒼翠繁茂的
plummeted筆直落下
struck攻擊
rival競爭者
clan氏族;部落
dwindling漸漸減少
islander島上居民
stowaway偷渡者
protein蛋白質
devoured吃光
invader入侵者

Scientific theories and laws are the most important results of science
5. theories, models, and laws
overwhelming壓倒的;勢不可擋的
lightly輕率地,草率地
intuition直觀(能力),直覺

The results of science can be tentative, reliable, or unreliable
1. tentative science（frontier science）,

2.reliable science,

3.unreliable science
dispute爭論;爭執
preliminary初步;開端
tentative science試驗性科學
frontier science前沿科學,尖端科學
discredit使不足信
impartial公正的,無偏見的

Science and environmental science hve some limitations
1. some degree of uncertainty
2. totally free of bias
3. huge number interacting varibales and complex interactions
4. use statistical sampling and methods to estimate some numbers
5. can not applied to answer moral or ethical questions

2-2 p28-31 2-3 p31-32

2008-03-21T11:55:00.003+08:00

2-2What is matter?

Matter consists of elements and compounds
1. def matter: mass and space.
2. def elements: the distinctive building blocks of matter
3. def compounds
4. four elements make up our body weight(oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen)
stuff材料,原料
distinctive有特色的,特殊的
compound混合物;化合物

phosphorus KK:[]磷

chlorine KK:[]氯

fluorine KK:[]氟

bromine KK:[]溴

sodium KK:[]鈉

calcium KK:[]鈣

arsenic KK:[]砷

uranium KK:[]鈾

Atoms, ions, and molecules are the building blocks of matter
5. def atom: smallest unit of matter, still retain its chemical properties. atomic theory
6. atom cotains a certain number of subatomic particles: proton質子, neutron, and electron
7. def nucleus原子核, atomic number原子序, mass number質量數,isotope同位素.
8. ion離子, pH(hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion), neutral solution溶液, acidic solution, basic solution
9. organic compounds: hydrocarbons碳氫化合物, chlorinated hydrocarbons含氯碳氫化合物, simple carbonhydrates 碳水化合物
molecule分子
superscript上標(寫在上方的符號或文字)
nitrate硝酸鹽
soared猛增;暴漲
compound化合物
sodium鈉
chloride氯化物
chemical formula化學式
octane辛烷
glucose葡萄糖
lipid脂質

Some forms of matters are more useful than orhters
10. matter quality base on its availability and concentration

2-3How can matter change?

Matter undergoes physical, chemical, and nuclear changes
1. def physical change, chemical change(chemical reaction)
2. three type of nuclear change: natural radioactive decay放射性自然衰變, nuclear fission核分裂, nuclear fusion核融合
foil箔,金屬薄片
spontaneously自然地;自發地
chunk相當大的部分(或數量)
核衰變
226/88Ra → 222/86Rn + 4/2He（alfa）
32/15P→32/16S+β (beta)
55/26Fe+e-→55/25Mn (beta)
60/27Co→60/28Ni+γ+γ (gamma)
核分裂 n + U235 -> Ba143 + Kr91 + 2n
核融合 H2 + H3 -> He4 + n
元素週期表 (wiki) s32(textbook)

We cannot create or destroy matter
3. law of conservation of matter物質守恆(不滅)定律

2-4 , 2-5

2008-03-21T11:50:00.006+08:00

2-4 What is energy and how can it change its form?

energy comes in many forms
1.def energy: capacity能力 to do work or transfer heat.
2. two type of energy: kinetic energy(moving engery), stored energy(potential energy)
3. kinetic energy: moving matter, heat, electromagnetic radition
4. potential energy
propelling推動
kinetic運動的
substance物質
motion運動,移動
object物體
unlit未被點燃的

Some types of energy are more useful than others
5. energy quality
capacity能量,生產力

Energy changes are governed by two scientific laws
6. thermodynamic熱力學
7. law of conservation of energy (the first law of thermodynamics)
8. second law fo thermodynamics: when energy changes from one form to another, we always end up with lower quality or less usable energy than we started with.
9. energy efficiency
violation違反;違背
filament白熱絲,燈絲
incandescent熾熱的,白熱的
appliance器具,用具;裝置,設備

2-5 How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?

Today's advanced industrialized societies waste enormous amounts of matter and energy
10. high-throughput生產量(high-waste)economies
11. planetary sinks 地球污水坑
enormous巨大的,龐大的
outline概述,略述
planetary sinks

We can shift to matter-recycling and reuse economies
12. matter recycling and reuse economy
indefinitely無定限地

We can use scientific lessons form nature to shift to more sustainable societies
13. low-throughput(low-waste) economy

17.1 p401-5

2008-03-06T23:04:00.008+08:00

chapter17 Environmental economics, politics, and worldwiews

Rescuing a river-core case study
人物Marion Stoddart
地點Nashua river.Groton, Massachusetts
時間1960s
事件restoring the Nashua and establishing public parklands along its banks. one-on-one persuasion. power broker . state (ban), federl(fund, grant), communities(park and woodland), water treatment plants, fish and wildlife, canoeing and recreation.
a committed individual can do to bring about change form the bottom up by getting people to work together. (politics)
filthiest最不潔的
bob上下震動
pigment顏料
petition請願書
materialize具體化
mound一堆
testimony證據,證明;表徵
spearheading先鋒
time-honored長久有名聲的

17-1.How are economic systems related to the bioshpere?

Economic systems are supported by three types of resources.
1. def economics , market-based economic system.
2. 三種資源(資本)用來生產貨物與服務:

natural resources(capital), human resources(capital), manufactured resources(capital)

Economists disagree over the importance of natural resources
3. neoclassical economist, ecological economists, environmental economists(對自然資源重要性.經濟成長有不同的看法)
4. 社會經濟成長並保持環境永續只有當這種經濟發展是有利於環境的基礎上 eco-economy
5. 由unlimited economic growth轉向eco-economy的策略a. health monitor, b. full-cost pricing, c. eco-labeling, d. subsidy shifting, e. tax shifting, f. innovation-friendly regulation, g. tradable permits, h. sell services instand of things
indispensable不可或缺
live off靠..維生
composting堆肥
no-till cultivation不整地耕作
innovation-friendly創新友好

tradable permits 許可權交易
marketplace市集

17.2 p405-10

2008-03-06T23:00:00.004+08:00

17.2How can we use economic tools to deal with environmental problems?

Most things cost a lot more than you might think
1. market price(raw material, labor, shipping, and profit) ,additional direct cost(operation cost). 並不包括 harmfull external costs 在生產, 銷售, 使用, 廢棄的過程引起環境,健康或其他損害所產生的成本.
2. 具隱藏性的 harmfull external cost will be paid sooner or latter.
3. exteranl cost的隱藏造成三種主要的衝擊 impact: a. hinder green goods and service development, b. promotes pollution and resource waste, c. environmental degradation.
markup漲價

Using environmental economic indicators can reduce our environmental impact
4.GPI(genuine progress indicator), Green GDP. 這些指標的重要性.
corporate公司
proporent擁護者
counter反擊
genuine真實的
steering掌舵
treacherous變化莫測的

We can include harmful environmental cost in the prices of goods and services
5.environmentally honest market system, full costs
6.why not used widely? a. many producer oppose, b.diffuclt to estimate, c.consumer knowledge
7. government action(certifying and labeling, subsidies, taxs, laws, tradable permits)
prod刺激
certifying證書(明)
levy徵收

Environmentally informed consumers can vote with their wallets
8.eco-labeling program, green seal labeling program.
9.consumer pressure.

we can reward environmentally sustainable business
10. pahse out environmentally harmful subsides and tax breaks, $2 trillion(兆) a year. 補貼鼓勵了不永續的資源waste浪費,depletion消耗, degradation降級. (採煤. 開礦. 伐木. 農業灌溉)
11.美國納稅人沒年付出$2500補貼+$1000汙染清除與環境惡化費用
12.因為經濟與政治上的利益使得這種補貼持續存在甚至遊說反對對環境友善的競爭者的補貼.
13.subsidy shifts over two decades would encourage the rise of new environmentally beneficial business.

We can tax pollution and wastes instead of wages and profits
14.green taxs, eco-taxs
15.tax shifting from labor, income, and wealth to environmentally harmful activites.
16.green tax 成功三要素: a. 需要15-20 years給企業來計劃. b. reduce or replace income, payroll, or other taxes. c. safety net.
17.無法真正運行,主要是政治上的阻力:有害於經濟發展的說法(美). 15個歐洲國家開始已實施
green tax (waste disposal, air and water pollution, co2 emissions, energy consumption, and vehicles entering congested city)
18.歐洲15國的例子發現可增加工作機會.薪資降稅.有利環境技術發展增加競爭力.
penalize不利
payroll薪金
backward落後的,發展遲緩的
endorsed背書
regressive後退的

Enviromental laws and regulations can discourage or encourgae innovation
19.def regulation
20.command and control approach.
21.incentive-based regulations, innovation-friendly regulation. 經濟上企業上更有競爭力
22.近年許多公司企業產生轉變shareholder value (a good envrionmental record)
compliance順從承諾
adversarial對抗
shareholder股東
incentive誘發
stewardship看管

We can use the marketplace to reduce pollution and resource waste
23.tradable pollution and resource-use permits (cap-and-trade approach)
marketplace市場
cap最高限度
destruction破壞

We can reduce pollution and resource waste by selling services instead of things
24. from material-flow economy to service-flow economy
25. Xerox from copy machines sell to doucment service. Carries form air condition to temperature provider. (coffee machine)
outright全部的
lease租賃
incinerator焚化爐
boost促進
carpet地毯
tile地磚

17.3 p411-4

2008-03-06T22:27:00.002+08:00

17-3 How can reducing poverty help us deal with environmental problem?

The gap between rich and poor is getting wider
1.def proverty
2.reducing poverty benefits individuals, economics, and environment and helps us to slow population growth.
3. neoclassical economist, trickle-down effect涓滴效應(利益均霑). but the fact is income flowing up to the rich, rather than trickling down to worker.
4.wealth gap has grown since 1980. 2005年全球最有錢的3人財富相當於全球最貧窮的48個國家
delegate代表

We can reduce poverty
5.education, hard work, displine can attract investment capital.
6.貧窮國的債務豁免forgive, 每分鐘要付$571,000的利息
7.政府.企業.國際貸款公司lending agencies,富人幫助貧窮國家對抗貧窮. (increase aids, combat malnutrition and infectious diseases, investment in small-scale infrastructure, small loans to poor people)
abject淒苦
indebte負債
debt-ridden債務充斥
mount發動,進行
self-reliant獨立自主

Case study-microloans to the poor
8.microlending or microcredit
9.Muhammad Yunus , Grameen Bank since 1983. repayment rate 99% compare to 45-50% in traditional bank in Bangladesh. 2006 won the Nobel Peace Prize.
collateral抵押品,擔保的,有擔保的
seamstress女裁縫師
weaver織布工
bookbinder裝訂商
default違約

We can achieve the world's millennium development goals
10.MDGs(millennium development goal) 富裕國家捐獻 annual national income0.7%. but reality only 0.25%.(富國幫助窮國)

We can make the transition to an eco-economy and make money doing it
11. eco-economy(solutions): economics, resource use and pollution, ecology and population.
12.environmentally sustainable business and careers.
cosmetic化妝品
amend改善
remake再造
par同等
refusing拒絕;拒受
aquaculture水栽法水產養殖
nanotechnology奈米技術

17-4(1)p415-9

2008-03-05T22:40:00.001+08:00

17-4 How can we implement more sustainable and just environmental policies?

Dealing with environmnetal prolbems in democracies is not easy
1.def politics 何謂政治
2.environmental policy-- environmental laws, rules, regulations
3.def democracy 何謂民主 (constitutional democracy)
"Government of the people, by the people, and for the people，shall not perish from the earth." 為了緬懷南北戰爭陣亡的將士，1863年11月19日，美國總統（1861-1865）亞伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1965）在葛底斯堡國家公墓發表了熱情洋溢的演說。最早用到“民治、民有、民享”的說法的人是西元前四百多年古希臘的克萊翁（Cleon，？-422BC）將軍。他有一次向古希臘的市民發表講演，提到了“民治、民有、民享”的統治者的概念。
4.sepecial-interest groups( passing laws, developing budgets, and formulating regulations, elected and appointed goverment officials)
5.政府穩定與漸變的設計使得處理環境問題有些阻礙. 環境問題是複雜需要整合且需要長時間來處理. 此外政治人物對環境的運作, 生命.經濟.社會的支持並不了解.
constitutional democracy憲政民主
mandate授權
curb約束
advocate提倡
repeal廢除

Certain principles can guide us in making envrionmental policy
6.環境政策的八項原則 a. humility b. reversibility c. precautionary d. prevention e. polluter-pays f. public access and participation g. human rights h. environmental justice
hmiility謙虛

Individuals can influence environmental policy
7.如何影響環境政策 think globally, act locally
undue不正當的

Environmental leaders can make a big difference
8.provide environmental leadership in four ways: a.以身作則 b. 選舉 eco-friendly candidates, voting with our wallets, choose an environmental career c. run for some sort of local office d. propse and work for better solutions to environmental problems.
lead by example以身作則
office holder官員

Developing environmental policy is a controversial process
9.政府的功能在於提出與執行政策policy 來處理各種議題. 步驟有 a. law making b. get enough funds c. draw up regulations or rules for implementing
10.官商勾結的問題
controversial爭論的
exert運用
revolving door旋轉門條款

Case study-Managing public lands in United States--politics in action
11.聯邦政府管理35%的土地. national forest system, bureau of land management, U.S. fish and wildlife service, national park system, national wilderness preservation sytem
12.four principles should govern use of public lands: 保護生態為目標. 使用不能補貼或減稅. 使用的公平的補償. 使用者的完全責任.
13.反對者的態度與作為: 出售公有地. 削減聯邦基金. 砍老樹. 採礦與商業發展. 開礦使用費. 修改撤銷endengered species act. 重新定義溼地保護範圍. 避免個人與團體法律上的挑戰.
set aside閒置
waterfowl水禽
compensation補償
blocking阻礙
slash削減
royalty礦區使用費
repeal撤銷
override優先超過

U.S. environmental laws and regulations are under attack
14.since 1980 weaken or repeal environmental laws and regulations.
15.three major groups: a. corporate leader, b. citizens, state and c. local government officials
16.環境議題轉變成不可見: climate change, biodiversity loss.
17.environmental law and regulatory agencies have been weakened by a combinatiion of excutive orders and congressional actions.
18.民意調查顯示80%的民眾支持環保規定但不到10%的民眾認為環境是國家最重要的問題
repeal撤銷(決議等);廢除(法令等)
recent憤慨
unfunded mandate 權責不對等(沒錢的工作)
mobilizing動員
controversial有爭議的
stifling令人發悶的
dissent不同意
bipartisan兩個政黨
termite白蟻
crumble摧毀
undermine逐漸損害
ballot box選票箱

17.4(2)p419-423

2008-03-05T21:49:00.006+08:00

Citizen environmental groups play important roles
1. NGOs 1970 有 2,000 至今有 100,000個團體
2. NGO從幾個人的草根小團體到5百萬人的全球組織--世界自然基金會(WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature since 1993).此外還有包括: 綠色和平組織(greenpeace), 美國自然保育協會(The Nature Conservancy), 國際保育組織(Conservation International), 葛萊敏銀行(Grameen Bank)等大型國際組織.
3. global sustainability movement
4. some industries and environmental group are working together to find solutions to environmental problems.(McDonald, FedEx)
5.環保團體的手段方式: 土地信託. 非暴力示威靜坐. 激進的抗議行動
landfill垃圾填埋
waste incinerator焚化爐
tactic戰術;策略;手法
sway使動搖;影響
controversial有爭議的
militant激進的

Students can play important environmental roles
6. students, faculty教員, and administration行政人員共同合作
7. environmental audits環境稽核
8. 永續校園: recycling programs, geen dorm. 永續社區: toxic pollutants, ecological restoration project.
9. more holistic apporach to studying business
audit審計;查帳
panel鏡板
restoration修復;復原
endowment捐贈的基金
curriculum課程

Corporations can play a key role in achieving environmental sustainability
10. a delicate, dynamic balance between capitalism and democracy
11. government intervention
12. 轉向永續的社會與經濟需要大量的資金與研發因此獲利的企業.銀行.貸款機構扮演重要腳色
13. eco-efficiency, finding the way to create more economic value with less environmental impact
14. WBCSD 2006 published 'ecosystem challenges and business implications'. it stated that there is an urgent need to attach economic values to natural resources.
delicate易碎的
thrive興旺,繁榮
strive努力,苦幹,奮鬥
curtail縮減,削減;縮短
strangle抑制,壓制
excessive過度的;過分的
coalition聯盟
implication牽連;涉及

Environmental security is as important as military and economic security
15. strong relation between growing scarcities of resources and the spread of civil violence and dysfunctional government.
legitimately正當地,合理地
fabric結構
deteriorate惡化
dysfunctional不正常的
dispute爭論;爭執
diplomacy外交

We can develop stronger international environmental policies
16.主要組織為 United Nations (UNEP,聯合國環境規劃署 WHO世界衛生組織, UNDP合國開發計劃署, FAO聯合國糧農組織)
17. 其他組織有world bank, global environmental facility(GEF)全球環境基金, world conservation union(IUCN)
18. 國際組織扮演重要角色在: a. 擴大了解環境議題 b. 收集與評估環境資料 c. 發展與監督國際環境條約 d. 提供補助與貸款來減少貧窮經由永續的經濟發展 e. 協助超國100個國家發展環境法律及機構.
19. 1972 U.N. conference on the human environment 聯合國人類環境會議 in Stockholm, Sweden. 類似世界衛生組織(WHO)成立世界環境組織(WEO)
20. environmental performance index(EPI)
Global Environment Facility全球環境基金
unding資金;基金
treaty條約,協定
nonbinding無約束
Mauritania茅利塔尼亞(非洲一國名)
Niger尼日

We can shift to more environmentally sustainable societies
21. transition guidelines: a. preventing b. marketplae solution c. win-win or trade-off solution d. stop exaggerating
22. rethink prioities
23. it is a political and ethical decision
Cash register收銀機
confrontation對抗
exaggerating使增大,使擴大;使過大
thorny多刺的
vow誓言,誓約
persistence堅持
enlist獲得(支持,幫助等)
eradicate連根拔除,根絕;消滅
ethical倫理的,道德的

17.5 p423-5

2008-03-05T20:50:00.000+08:00

17.5 How do the major environmental worldviews differ?

What is an environmental worldview
1. def environmental worldviews, environmental ethic
2. different assumptions and values
3. human-centered worldview, life-centered worldview
4. base on environmental knowledge, understanding or moral, spirtual beliefs.

Most people have human-centered environmental worldviews
5. planetary management worldview
6. stewardship worldview
7. Biosphere 2
planetary 地球的,全球的
pervasive 普遍的
mischief 損害,傷害,危害
ingenuity 心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀
arrogant 傲慢的;自大的
inkling 略知
meadow草地
biosphere2--a lesson in humility
stock貯存
primate靈長類動物
unraveling破壞
suffocating令人窒息的
enclosure圈地;圍場
proliferated增殖
dooming毀滅,死亡
Some people have life-centered and earth-centerd environmental worldviews
8. inherent or intrinsic value of all forms of life
9. insturmental value
10. prevent degradation of the earth's ecsystems, biodiversity and bioshphere
11. environmental wisdom worldview

17.6 p425-8

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17.6 How can we live more sustainably?

We can become more environmentally literate
1. key goals of seeking environmental literacy(7)
literacy: ability to read and write.
literacy: the quality or state of being literate.
(Webster):1.characterized by or possessed of learning.2.versed or immersed in literature or creative writing.3.well executed or technically proficient.
(Oxford):acquainted with letters or literature, educated, instructed, learned.
可見Literacy一詞狹義的意義只是指讀和寫的能力，而廣義的意義則包含了一個人受教的狀況以及一般的技能。我們認為，Literacy一詞，若譯為「識能」，當更能表現其涵義。隨著社會的演變，個人為適應社會生活所需具備的基本識能也有所不同，但我們可以將其概分為兩類。第一類為傳統的識能，即所謂conventional literacy，包括了讀、寫、算和辨識記號的基本能力。第二類為功能性的識能，即所謂functional literacy，意指個人為經營家庭和社會生活及從事經濟活動所需的基本技能；也可以定義為一個群體為其成員能達到其自我設定的目標而所需的基本能力【Lyman, 1990】。摘自:張一蕃:資訊時代之國民素養與教育
环境素养是人通过后天的学习而获得和形成的关于人类生存环境的知识、意识、行为的总和。人类的环境素养是随着其对人地关系认识的不断深入而发展的。不同历史时期人们的环境意识具有不同的特点。环境素养测评是随着环境保护运动兴起而产生的，环境素养测评要素主要涉及环境知识、环境态度和环境行为的测评。摘自:曾昭鹏(2004)环境素养的理论与测评研究——以高师学生环境素养测评为例
2. major components of environmental literacy(18)
3. ecological identity(4)
4. common mental traps(4)
literate文化素養
reverence敬愛,崇敬;敬畏
overfilled裝到滿溢
foster培養,促進
apathy冷淡;漠不關心
pessimism悲觀,悲觀情緒
technofixes技術性處理
paralysis停頓
trap陷阱
immobilizing使不動
despair絕望

We can learn from nature
5. the natural have economic, ecological, aesthetic, and spiritual value
6. not only lake of environmental literacy but also lake of intimacy with nature
7. our life is searching for roots(find a sense of place)
8. the green fire that burns in our harts(Aldo Leopold)
aesthetic美學的
intimacy熟悉;親密;親近
armor盔甲
insulate隔離;使孤立
kindle點燃;燃起
awe敬畏
mystery神祕的事物
teeming充滿的
bewildering使迷路
least最小的;最少的
heal治癒;使恢復健康
tap into進入

Some affluent people are choosing to live more simply
9. basic needs and wants
10. happiness
2006英國智庫「新經濟基金會」與環保組織「地球之友」發布「快樂星球指數（Happy PlanetIndex, HPI）」對全球178個國家及地區進行幸福與快樂排名。不富裕的太平洋島國萬那杜幸福快樂度排名第一；高所得國家排名反而落後；台灣排名第84位，高於香港第88位、南韓第102位及新加坡第131位，在亞洲四小龍中拿下第一。經建會分析，HPI調查結果顯示二個重要涵義，首先是國家富裕程度與人民幸福感覺，無強烈正相關關係，換句話說，富國未必幸福，窮國也未必不快樂。The Happy Planet Index is an innovative new measure that shows the ecological efficiency with which human well-being is delivered.It is the first ever index to combine environmental impact with human well-being to measure the environmental efficiency with which country by country, people live long and happy lives.
11. what most people really want is more community, not more stuff
12. voluntary simplicity (聖雄甘地 principle of enoughness)
13. religious leader and members of all faiths
meager 不足的;貧乏的
excessively 過度地
folly 愚蠢;愚笨
community共同社會;共同體
stuff 物品,東西
Mahatma Gandhi 聖雄甘地
abstain 避免;避開
acquisitiveness 利慾心
whosoever =whoever無論誰
craving渴望
sorrow悲痛,悲哀
downsizing縮減開支
ethic倫理

Some people are choosing to live more lightly on the earth
14. sustainability dozen-key ways
生產1公斤的肉=排放36.4公斤的二氧化碳
1人1天不吃肉=減少7公斤二氧化碳排放=1顆大樹(20年生喬木)半個月的減碳量
lightly少量地
aspect方面,觀點
plug把...塞住,堵塞

We can bring about a sustainability revolution during your lifetime
15. environmental or sustainability revolution
16. a. biodiversity protection, b. efficiency, c. energy transformation, d. pollution preventiion, e. sufficiency, f. demographic equilibrium, g. economic and poltical transformation
spun編造,虛構spin
marvelous非凡的;不可思議的
drain耗盡

chapter1 environmental problems, their causes, and sustainability

2008-02-18T23:50:00.012+08:00

chapter1: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6

Core ase study
1,國王下棋的賭注
2.損失慘重
3.指數成長
4.紙張實例
exponential growth指數成長
y=a(b)^t or y=a(1+r)^t
exponentail expression calculator
youtube example baic , advance , graph
2^63=9,223,372,036,854,776,000 =922萬兆
5.人口的例子
6.人口增加量
西元1年2億，1800年地球人口達到10億，1930年達到20億，1960年達到30 億，1974年達到40億，1987年達到50億，1999年達到60億，全球人口增長在20世紀一直呈加速狀態。不過，隨著婦女生育率的下降，進入21 世紀以來，全球人口的增長速度已經放慢。(大紀元)
2007年人口達67億。

The world population growth rate rose from about 1.5 percent per year from 1950-51 to a peak of over 2 percent in the early 1960s due to reductions in mortality. Growth rates thereafter started to decline due to rising age at marriage as well as increasing availability and use of effective contraceptive methods. (U.S. census bureau)
複利72法則（rule of 72s），也就是以72除以報酬率，便得出一定金額的投資大約需要幾年的時間會成為兩倍。比方說，一項投資的複利報酬率為9%，需要約八年的時間（72除以9等於8）成長為兩倍，如果報酬率是6%，則需要約十二年的時間（72除以6等於12）才會成為兩倍。

複利公式：本利和＝本金（１＋利率）×期數【時間】
因為複利公式計算複雜，因而有了複利七二法則。

7.人口增加對資源的需求
8.能源的消耗與森林砍伐也是指數成長
因為人口的指數成長與資源消費, 造成維生系統降級(degradation)，環境中將irreversible loss of 1/3 to 1/2 the world's known species.
burning fossil and cleaning forests will change the earth's climate.

9.好消息，我們已經有解決這些問題的方法。

getting off easy逃脫處罰
deceptive迷惑的,騙人的
collectively全體地
living off維生
dedicated專注的;獻身的

1.1 何謂環境永續的社會

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inconceivable不可思議的
mediate居中
delicate精美的,雅緻的
wayward難捉摸的,反覆無常的;不規則的
enlivening使有生氣;使活躍

Environmeatl science is a study of connections in nature
1環境的定義
def environment: is everything around us(living and nonlilving things).
2.環境科學的定義
def environmental science:an interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationships with living and noliving things(including natural science, social science and. 目標是how nature works, how the environment affect us, how we affect the environment, and how to deal with environmental problems and live more sustainably.
3.生態學的定義
def ecology and its study focus is ecosystem.
4.何謂環境主義
Environmentalism is a social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the natural environment, both for its own sake as well as its importance to civilization.(wiki)
depleting用盡;使減少
degrading降低品質的
utterly完全地;徹底地
humanities人文學科
organism生物,有機體
arena 活動場所

Sustainablility is the central theme of this book
1.何謂永續力
def sustainability : to surivie and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely
2.永續的主要成份
natural capital自然資本 (compares natural resources and ecological processes to "money in the bank" (i.e. "capital"))(wiki). natural resource自然資源(materials and energy:renewable and nonrenewable),nature service自然服務.
3.營養循環
4.太陽資本，光合作用
5.自然資本劣化（降級）
many human activity can degrade natural capital
6.科學研究與經濟政治系統介入
scientific search solutions to environmental problems
7.解決環境問題是一種交換與妥協的過程
resolve conflicts by making trade-offs, or compromises
11.朝向環境永續的轉向是以科學的概念與專家研究為基礎，個人扮演重要的角色
individuals matter (the power of one)

indefinitely無限期地
biofuel生質燃料
residues 殘餘,剩餘
trade-off 交換
compromise妥協方案,折衷辦法
pocketbook錢包,女用手提包

Environmentally sustainable societies protect natural capital and live off its income

1.環境永續社會的目標
meet the current basic needs in a just and equitalbe manner without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs.
"proctct your capital and live off the income it provides."living off natural income
2.樂透的例子
3.古老的教訓
4.全球信託基金
5.壞消息，自然資源的濫用；好消息，我們擁有解決的知識與工具
the bad news, we are living unsustainably by wasting, depleting, and degrading the earth's natural capital. (62% of the natural services are degrading or overusing)
the good news is we have the knowledge and tools to slove the problems.

"台灣的水資源主要來自降雨，以年平均降雨量2500公釐估算，台灣每年可生產水量900億立方公尺，平均約有670億立方公尺的水量從河川流出，其中約100億立方公尺以上的水量可直接自河川引用作為灌溉或民生用水，另由水庫調節供應約36億立方公尺，由地下水平衡抽用約40億立方公尺，因此在目前每年可獲得平均的供水量約176億～180億立方公尺左右的水量。但依經濟部估計，民國79年的總用水量即達195億立方公尺"(水資源的開發利用與保育)
95年水資源供給概況：年總供(用)水量 174億立方公尺(）=地面水118億立方公尺+地下水55億立方公尺(經濟部水利署)
income定期收入
adequate適當的
equitable公平的;公正的
compromising危害,妥協
live off 以...為食物,靠...生活,靠...供養
indefinitely無限期地
strain 拉緊,濫用
taken for granted理所當然
crash program應急措施

1.2 p10-1How can environmentally sustainable societies grow economically?

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There is a wide economic gap between rich and poor countries
1.國內生產毛額
economic growth :increase in an nation's output of goods and services.
GDP國內生產毛額, per capita GDP每人國內生產毛額, per capita GDP-PPP(購買力平價)
通常傳統的GDP計算的是一個地區內生產的產品價值，僅包含市場極少數非市場的交易行為，並未納入自然資源耗損及環境污染，導致國民所得愈高而環境汙染愈大，污染防治費用支出愈高的現象，無法真實反應一個國家的國民生活水準。綠色GDP(綠色國民所得會計帳Green GDP)之精神在於傳統GDP中扣除自然資源耗損之經濟損失、為恢復生態平衡或彌補資源損失而花費的投資，為衡量國家永續發展之指標。(段維萍)
2.國內生產毛額的平價
聯合國自1965年起推動購買力平價(Purchasing Power Parity, PPP)國際比較計畫(International Comparison Program, ICP)，透過各國實地查價，以計算各國PPP，並以PPP而非匯率來折算各國GDP，俾更精確地衡量各國相對經濟發展情形、市場規模及物價水準。(主計處)
3.已開發國家
economic development :use economic growth to improve living standards
4.開發中國家
developed countries, developing countries (per capita GDP over 10,000 U.S)
5.貧窮的惡性循環
poverty casue envrionment degration
6.開發中與已開發的差異
7.極端貧窮
The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25 (PPP) per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 a day, estimating that "in 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day."
extreme poverty(1/2 people less than $2 a day), desperately poor (1/6 people less than $1)
8.傳統的經濟發展
9.環境永續的經濟發展
what should we do? conventional economic growth, or environmentally sustainable economic development.

parity同等;類似
purchasing power parity(PPP)購買力平價指數
GDP-PPP人均國內生產總值 (購買力平價)
Angola安哥拉
Belarus白俄羅斯
destitute窮困的
desperate危急的;絕望的
dysfunctional不正常的
haves and have nots=people who are rich and those who are not (富人和窮人)

1.3 How are our ecological footprints affecting the earth?

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Some resources are renewable and others are not
1.資源與保育
def resource and conservation (management of nautre resources)
2.資源直接利用與間接製造利用
3.永久性資源
perpetual resource,
4.再生性資源
renewable resouce
5.用續產出
sustainable yield and environmental degradation
6.非再生性資源
nonrenewable resource (fixed quantity or stock in the earth's crust)
7.替代品
substitutes,
8.9.回收與二手
recyling, reuse

edible可食的
heating oil燃油
perpetual永久的;長期的
degradation降低;降級
ingenuity心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀
discard拋棄,摒棄,丟棄

Our ecological footprints are growthing

1.生態足跡之定義
def ecological footprint, per capita ecological footprint (the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply ...and to absorb and recycle...)
2.生物承載量
biological capacity and ecological deficit(debtors) or ecological creditors
2003年地球生態足跡已大於地球承載量的25％
ecology deficit生態赤字
2008, Earth Overshoot Day(地球負債日) was September 23. We will release the date of Earth Overshoot Day 2009 in early September.
3.每人生態足跡
4.生活方式與地球承載量
debtors債務人
creditors債權人

Case study-China's new affluent consumers
1.富裕的中產階級
600 million middle-class in China and India , affluent lifestyle
2.中國的資源消費崛起
3.中國經濟成長與人口增加
預測2031年的中國人口達1.47 billion將產生巨大消費需求，目前的生活方式將無法適應。

immense巨大的;廣大的
attaining到達

Cultural changes have increased our ecological footprints
1.人類的起源
homo sapiens智人
大约在距今200万至300万年，人科进入了第二个进化阶段，即制造工具阶段。此时才出现了真正的人类，即人属（Homo）。按制造工具的能力来划分，能直立行走、但不能制造工具的人科称为前人，南猿即为前人；不仅能直立行走、而且也能制造工具的人称为真人，人属即为真人。人属的进化分成三个阶段，即2.5 million years ago能人(Homo habilis)、2 million years ago直立人(Homo erectus)和300 thousand years ago智人(Homo sapiens)。(海星)
2.人類主要的文化改變
culture revolution(hunter-gatherers, 10,000-12,000 years ago agricultural revolution, 275 years ago industrial-medical revolutuion, 50 years ago information-globalization revolution)
3.每次的改變讓人類有更大的能量與技術去改變與控制地球中更多的地區來滿足其需求.

1.4 What is pollution and what can we do about it? p14-5

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Pollution comes from a number of sources

1.污染的定義
def pollution 污染可來自於自然環境與人為活動 (空氣污染指標(PSI)空氣污染指標為依據監測站當日空氣中PM10（不包括粒徑10微米以上粗粒之懸浮微粒）測值、二氧化硫濃度、二氧化氮濃度、一氧化碳濃度及臭氧濃度等數值換算出該污染物之空氣污染副指標值，再以當日各副指標值之最大值作為該測站當日之空氣污染指標值（PSI）。指標值在100以下者，即表該測站當日空氣品質符合美國環境空氣品質標準中之短期（24小時或更短）之平均值。若PSI大於100對健康有不良影響。
2.污染的兩種來源
point source , nonpoint source
3.污染的三種影響
pollutants' effects 1干擾維生系統2危害生命財產3製造騷擾
nuisances 妨害行為,騷擾行為

We can prevent pollution or clean it up

1.污染的二種解決途徑
pollution prevention(input)避免污染, pollution cleanup(output)污染清除
2.污染預防或污染清除
3.污染清除的第一個問題
pollution celanup have three problems 暫時的減輕
4.第二個問題
僅是空間轉移
5.第三個問題
高成本
6.污染預防的優點

stack煙囪
diluting稀釋
bandage繃帶
dump傾倒;拋棄
buried埋藏,掩藏
dispersed被驅散的

1.5 Why do we have environmental problems?p15-9

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Experts have indentified five basic causes of environmental problem
1.全球經濟發展對自然資源的衝擊
2.環境與社會科學家指出五大原因
五種原因(1) population growth, (2)wasteful and unsustainable resource use, (3)poverty,(4) failure to incluce in market prices the environmental costs of producing and using goods and servieces, and (5) too little knowledge of how nature works. (150萬種生物被正式命名,地球物種數有500萬-1000萬之間)
3.case study 已討論人口數成長問題
deteriorating惡化;質量(或價值)下降

Poverty has harmful environmental and health effects

1.貧窮追求基本需求
poverty affects population growth 貧窮是只無法滿足基本需求如食物.飲用水.居住.健康.教育
2.貧窮影響人口成長
cause die premautrely 過早死亡from
3.貧窮造成某些型態的環境劣化，反之亦然
4.貧窮造成健康問題
preventable health problems 營養不良.衛生設施與乾淨飲用水.呼吸疾病
5.造成大量早死
每年因貧窮造成7百萬人提早死亡

haul拖運,搬運
tend照料
desperately poor極度地貧窮
prematurely過早地
contaminated弄髒的;受污染的
malnutrition營養失調
non-fatal非致命
diarrhea腹瀉
measles麻疹
feces排泄物
inhaling吸入
vented通風孔,排氣孔
stove爐灶

Affluence has harmful and benefical environmental effects
1.富裕的負面影響
high levels of consumption and unnessary waste of resource lifestyle(現代人的迷失buying more things will bring fufillment and happiness)
2.大量耗費資源
3.美國與印度的比較
4.富裕的正面影響
affluence can lead to concernd environment quality, reduce pollution, environmental degradation, and resource waste. (王文華 life2.0)
5.環境品質改善
6.降低人口成長，但富人一般看不到消費對環境的衝擊
the affluent obtain resource from anywhere in the world without seeing the harmful environmental impacts.
fulfillment滿足(感),
enormous巨大的,龐大的
incidence發生率
spurred刺激,激勵
downside不利

Prices do not include the value of natural capital

1.環境成本並未要求付費
2.財貨與服務的成本不包括造成環境傷害的成本
3.政府的補貼
subsidy(tax break and payment) 補貼
4.自然資源與服務將日趨昂貴
links between healthy ecosystems and their business interests 如果不連接經濟價格與自然資本的成本面臨高運作成本的問題(如水源缺乏.氣候改變.物種與棲地減少.環境惡化)
assess徵(稅)

People have different views about environmental problems and their solutions

1.不同的環境世界觀，環境倫理
environmental worldview, environmental ethics 環境觀(角色扮演)與環境倫理(對與錯)
環境倫理學（Environmental ethics）—探討如何適當關懷、重視，並履行我們保護自然環境之責的理論與實務做法。(環境資訊中心)
2.造成行為與結果的不同
3.星球經理人
planetary management worldview
4.看管人
stewardship worldview
5.環境智慧.生態智慧
environmental wisdom worldview
6.環境世界觀的角色在解決環境問題

ethical倫理的
extraordinary異常的;特別的
inherited繼承
entitled給...權力
planetary行星的
indefinitely無限期地
steward財產管理人;管事;管家

We can work together to slove environmental problems
1.社會資本
social capital 轉向永續的社會與經濟的建構稱為社會資本
2.環境問題解決之道
trade-off solutions 環境問題的解決不是黑與白的問題,而是具有中間答案的取捨(trade-off)
nurturing養育,教養,培育
polarization對立;分裂
proponent提議人;擁護者
legitimate正當的,合理的
insight洞察力,眼光

Case study-the environmental transformation of Chattanooga, Tennessee
1.污染城市的改變
2.1960年代的污染城市
3.1984市民的覺醒
civic leaders started a vision 2000 process
4.1995達成目標
5.回收計畫
6.都市更新計畫
7.1993提出新願景
revision 2000
8.社會資本建立的範例
confrontation對抗

coke oven焦爐
fled(flee)逃離;逃避
boarded-up building封閉建物
all walks of life 各行各業
consensus一致
incinerator焚化爐
paid off成功
renovating修理;改善
aquarium水族館
centerpiece在正中央的東西
blighted荒蕪

Individuals matter
1.由個人開始的改變
bottom-up grassroots action 由下而上的草根行動.僅見要 5-10%的人數就可改變社區.國家.全球
2.不要懷疑一小群深思熟慮、意志堅定的公民可以改變世界
indeed確實,實在
ever 總是

1.6 What are four scientific principles of sustainablility?p19-21

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Studying nature reveals four scientific principles of sustainability
1.向地球上的生命學習
我們要學習地球上的生命如何生存與適應地球環境的改變存活於地球數十億年(生態智慧)
a.reliance on solar energy 利用太陽能b.biological biodiversity 生物多樣化c. population control 族群數量控制 d.nutrient cycling 營養循環
2.利用原則造成新文化改變
3.時間不多了只剩下50-100年來完成此改變

astounding令人震驚的
nutrient營養的
crucial決定性的,重要的
fork分歧,分叉
collective集體的;共同的
immobilizing使不動
gloom黑暗;陰暗
doom毀滅,死亡
devise設計;發明
curb控制,約束

learning skill

2008-02-17T17:58:00.003+08:00

revise修改,修正
distraction分心,注意力分散
procrastination延遲;耽擱
asterisk星號
flip快速翻動(書頁等),翻閱
cramming死記硬背
pessimism悲觀,悲觀

baloney detector謬論檢驗者
skeptical懷疑論
fallacy謬誤;謬論
vessel容器,器皿

realistic現實的,注重實際的,實際可行的
optimism樂觀;樂觀主義

4.ecosystem and how they work

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4.1 ecology and life
Greek words "oikos" house or place to live ."logos" study of.
organism, species, population, habitat, community(biological community), ecosystem, biosphere(ecoshphere).
what is life?

4.2 earth's life-support systems
four major parts:atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere.
three interconnected factors: the one-way flow of high-quality engergy form the sun, the cycling of matter or nutrients, gravity.
how does the sun help sustain life on earth? photosynthesis and natural greenhouse effect.

4.3 ecosystm concepts and components
major types of ecosystems? biomes生物群系(land), aquatic life zone水生生物帶(water).
major components of ecosystem?
abiotic(nonliving) range of tolerance, law of tolerance, tolerance limits, limiting factor, limiting factor principle.
biotic(living) producer-autotrophs, photosynthesis,chemosynthesis. consumer-heterotrophs, herbivores-primary consumers, carnivores-secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, omnivores, detritivores-detritus feeders and decomposers.
aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration(fermentation發酵)

4.4 food webs and energy flow in ecosystem

10.2limited reserves -dilmma of stock resource

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人口數增加world population doubled between 1800 and 1930, 1930 and 1975
生活水準提升living standards rise(resource consumption per capita)combine two the level of resource extraction between 1880 and 2000 is sextupling.
food, energy, iron alloys鐵合金, lumber

非再生性資源的有限性
optimistic view
long-term trends in fluctuations in price level for natural resource. do not appear become significantly scarcer since 1870
what happen when a rapid hike occurs in the price of a commodity? ( tin-1960s, oil-1974)
1.greater care in use.
2.substitued for one another.
3.switch in methods of extraction, switch to lower-grade resource.

pessimistic view
consumption of resource is partly a function of the rate of population growth and the rates of energy consumption per capita.a primitive person around 1000watts per capita and now around 10000 watts per capita.

half the oil consumption since the 1950s,half the coal consumption since the 1930s,100 million years to form will be consumed in about 100 years of industrialization.
能源資源枯竭
80% the petroleum resource will probably exhausted in about a century.
80% the coal reserves will be depleted in about 300 to 400 years.
the age of fossil fuels will be a limited one, from AD1500 to AD2800.

石油供給的空間改變rapid geographic change in aeras of supply
1880s,1890s-Caucasus in southern Russia and Dutch Indonesia
1900s-Texas and Oklahoma
1930s-Venezuela and Middle East
1960s-Libya and Algeria
1970s-Nigeria, the North Slope of Alaska, Europe's North Sea
1990s-coast of north Australia and south China
3/4 world oil reserves are in Persian Gulf.
OPEC石油輸出國家組織-會員國與石油日產量

替代能源alternative energy sources
替代石油(35-84年)的能源主要為煤(225-900年)與天然氣(125-200年)
solar radiation, wind power, tidal energy, geothermal energy, atomic fission, and atomic fusion.
具有商業性的再生能源:生質能.水力.地熱
table 10.3 potential of alternative energy resource

section10.1自然資源本質

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1.石油的故事(美國第一座油井1859 Pennsylvania,20年前石油煤啥用處,20年後年產3千萬桶成為fuel resource )内燃机的发明，1860年，法國工人魯諾阿爾發明了內燃機,燃燒媒氣.1883年戴姆勒發明汽油機；1885年，德国人卡尔.本茨成功地制造了第一辆由内燃机驱动的汽车,1897年狄塞爾發明柴油機；推动了石油开采业的发展和石油化工工业的产生
根據「美國地理調查協會」（USGS）等組織所作的各種專業性的調查，全球的原油總共有一兆八千億至兩兆兩千億桶（1,800～2,200 billion barrels）的儲存量（EUR），迄今已消耗了八千六百億桶的用量。倘以EUR的預估下限量為例，則歷年使用過原油的累計總量，迄2007年將達到全部原油儲量的一半；或是倘以EUR的預估上限量為例，則歷年使用過原油的累計總量，迄2013年將達到全部原油儲量的一半。(One barrel contains 42 gallons of crude oil,1gallon=3.785412liter)global oil distribution

10.1 the nature of nature resource

2.stocks(potential resource)存量,the sum total of all the material compontents of the environment.
3.resources(a cultureal concept)資源,是一種文化概念,stock 中被人們認為是有用的部份成為 resouces. 不同的文化對資源的認定有所差異.
4.reserves(the subset of resource)儲量, available under prevailing technological and socicaleconomic condition.
5.nautral resource calssify non-renewable resources (form slowly) and renewable(flow) resource( output over a certain time ).
6.renewable resouces can classified to unaffected (tidal energy resource)or affected by human action(groundwater resourc).
7.estimate the size of reserves as a joint function of four factors(1.qualtiy of the oil,2.size of the field,3.accessibility of the field,4.the relative demand for oil)其估計是有時間性的,需要經常的更新,會受到技術與市場狀況改變
8.stock resource reserve (7.)and flow resource reserve(potential output in a particular time period)

全球能源資源的供給分配:石油30%煤22%天然氣23%核能6%生質能11%其他再生能源8%.
台灣能源資源的供給分配:石油51%煤32%天然氣 8%核能7%生質能 1%其他再生能源2%
台灣再生能源發展(生質能.風力發電.太陽能熱水.太陽光電發電.慣常水力發電.地熱發電)

2.5火山爆發對人類之衝擊

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2.5相關圖片

1.平常力量的影響(blizzards暴風雪,hurricanes, floods, earthquacks, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, tidal surges湧潮,暴潮, tsunami海嘯)火山與地震大雨,豪雨,大豪雨,超大豪雨

2.超級事件的影響-火山噴發Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI 0-8)
Santarini (Santorini),a Greek island(VEI 6, 3500 years ago 1650B.C.)導致米諾斯(Minoans)文明(又稱克里特文明)消失,
Tambora (1815, VEI 7)造成氣溫下降1到2年引發飢荒.
Toba caldera(VEI 8, 74,000years ago)造成volcanic winter使人類族群大量減少引發瓶頸效應(genetic bottleneck)喪失了部分遺傳多樣性
Yellowstone Caldera被認為是超級火山 640,000年前有過大規模爆發,周期大約600,000年,如同夏威夷群島也是熱點(hotspot)所引發的火山

3.台灣火山-googlemap

section2.4水圈

2007-05-01T12:21:00.000+08:00

2.4

台灣水資源
降水量905億立方米,668億(74%)逕流+197億(21%)蒸發+40億(5%)地下水
台灣年均用水量189億立方米,來源為河川91億+水庫36億+62億地下水
經濟部水利署2005年
降水量1284億m3,逕流985億m3,蒸發248億m3,地下水50億m3
供給概況179億m3=地表水124億m3+地下水55億m3(農業129億工業15億民生35億)

500million people in 31countries now experience water shortages.預計2025年會有28億人口會面臨缺水的威脅(water stress),主因不是缺水而是浪費與不永續的利用水資源.
五種方法可增加淡水供給1.水庫攔河堰2.引水3.抽取地下水4.海水淡化(海水淡化的成本已经达到5元/吨，国际上平均水平为0.55美元/吨)5.加強水用效率 (台灣省及高雄市每人每日用水量平均為２９０公升，台北市則高達３９６公升，比較歐美先進國家每人每日２５０公升高出許多，顯示國人用水實有不節制與浪費之嫌。)
1.海洋的起源
2.全球水平衡world water balance(大氣中的水氣,lake Baikal)
3.全球水循環global hydrologic cycle最大淡水儲存槽是冰川冰蓋
4.大陸侵蝕速率一般為3.6mm/70years or 51m/a million years
5.大陸的高度降低並沒有如估計般的快速有兩個原因1補償作用2侵蝕力遞減

section 2.3 atmosphere

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2.3
1.大氣的起源 (大氣層分層:對流層0-11km,平流層11-50km,中氣層50-85km(流星),增溫層(電離層.極光)85-690km,外氣層690-10000km)
2.地球與其他星球大氣組成的差異 (生物作用 -植物进行光合作用吸收二氧化碳释放氧气，同时吸收氨，并用其在体内合成蛋白质；而微生物在分解动植物遗体时又将蛋白质转化成氮气进入大气。这样使得原以二氧化碳、一氧化碳为主的还原性大气，转化成为以氧气、氮气为主的氧化性大气。)
3.地球大氣對人類與生物的重要性
filter過濾效應
平流層中O3臭氧層(15-35km)對生物最重要的貢獻在於吸收大部分太陽輻射中的紫外線,
紫外線（ Ultra-Violet Rays, 簡稱 UV ）會導致曬傷與皮膚癌。而紫外線是人類無法看見的，一般紫外線分為 UV-A（波長在 315 至 400 nm 之間）、 UV-B （波長為 280 至 315 nm ）及 UV-C （波長為 200 至 280 nm ）三種。防曬油的選用應注意以隔絕 UV-A 與 UV-B 且防曬係數（ Sun Protection Factor, 簡稱 SPF ）在 15 以上者，防曬效果的計算方式為 SPF × 10 分鐘，所以 SPF 15 所能達到的防曬效果時間為 150 分鐘
(臭氧層,臭氧洞,PSCs貝母雲,冰硝酸粒子,三水硝酸是下列反應的條件
ClONO2(g)＋HCl(s)→Cl2(g)＋HNO3(s),
Cl + O3 → ClO + O2,
ClO + O → Cl + O2,
1985簽訂維也納公約(保護臭氧層維也納公約Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) ,1987簽約蒙特婁議定書 (關於消耗臭氧層物質蒙特婁議定書Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer)1989生效,
限制氯氟碳化物CFCs.四氯化碳.三氯乙烷.氟氯烴HCFCs.計有12種化學物質
blanket毛毯效應
溫室效應, 地球表面平均氣溫15度如果沒有大氣層則降為-18度,今天因過多人為溫室效應氣體CO2...排放造成全球暖化現象
1992制定"聯合國氣候變化綱要公約"(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) ,1997通過京都議定書(Kyoto Protocol)直到2005強制生效,2008-2015為第一次承諾期
規範CO2.甲烷.N2O.SF6.氫氟化物HFCs.全氟碳化物PFCs等9種溫室氣體排放 ,主管政府機關環保署 ,工業技術研究院
聯合國跨政府氣候變遷小組Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)公告的管制氣體 (臭氧與溫室氣體)
4.地球太陽能量的平衡 global energy balance (1/3反射)
5.緯度對氣候的影響 (torrid zone, temperate zone, frgid zone)
6.大氣環流single-cell(Edmond Halley1686), triple-cell(George Hadley1735-Hadley cell低緯度圜流,William Ferrel 1856-Ferrel cell中緯度環流, Polar cell極地環流) ITCZ(dordrums),trade winds,horse latitude, subtropical jet stream westerlies,midlatitude jet stream,polar front,polar easterlies. Coriolis effect (科里奧利,科氏力)

7.大氣環流與全球降雨型態(分佈)-cooling of air that contains water vapour. 三大降雨帶
台灣降雨分類:大雨50mm/24hr and 15mm/1hr,豪雨130mm/24hr,大豪雨200mm/24hr超大豪雨350mm/24hr)
8.氣候的小尺度影響因子(海洋與陸地,海拔高度)
9.全球大陸降雨假設模型 (大氣環流.陸地衰減.季風)
10.溫度遞減 lapse rate 隨高度降溫(環境溫度遞減.乾絕熱溫度遞減.飽和絕熱溫度遞減)

2.2lithosphere

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地球半徑6365Km
最高8848m,最深-10911m(高差19759m)
continental crust and oceanic curst

依據震波速度之不連續性，可將地球內部分成(由上而下)：地殼(EarthCrust)，地函(Mantle)及地核(Core)三帶。
地殼和地函之間的分界面被稱為「莫霍界面」（Moho discontinuity）
岩石圈(Lithosphere)下之軟層圈為軟流圈(Asthenosphere)屬於上部地函(upper mantle)
The oceanic crust is generally thinner, averaging 5km to 10km thick, while the continental crust mostly 35 to 40 km, but can be as thick as 90km under the Himalayas.

http://www.marc-olivier-mailhot.com/usherb/volcans/03_dispersiondesvolcans.html

2.2

2007-04-16T12:17:00.000+08:00

2.2
地球陸地最高點+8.85km珠穆朗瑪峰(Mount Everest)與洋底最低點-11.03km挑戰者深淵(Challenger Deep) 相對位置(參考點+方向+距離)
台灣島周圍的大地構造台灣島位在歐亞板塊與菲律賓海板塊的邊界上。同時也位在琉球島弧與呂宋島弧的交界上。歐亞板塊在台灣附近包括了中國大陸邊緣的大陸地殼和南中國海的海洋地殼。歐亞板塊與菲律賓海板塊的邊界在台灣島外圍是很明顯：在台灣東邊是琉球海溝，在台灣南邊則是馬尼拉海溝；這兩個海溝延伸到台灣附近就失去了蹤跡，以致有許多猜測。菲律賓海板塊現在以西北的方向及每年約７公分的速度朝歐亞板塊移動。它沿著琉球海溝向北隱沒到歐亞板塊下面。而南中國海的海洋地殼則沿著馬尼拉海溝向東隱沒到菲律賓海板塊下面。海底地形圖 ,台灣板塊構造 ,東北角
1.大陸地殼與海洋地殼的差異(礦物,岩石,厚度,年齡),岩石圈lithophere與地殼crust
2.大陸漂移學說 continental drift theory (盤古大陸pangaea到七大洲 ,世界洋world ocean到五大洋)
3.A. Wegener的證據有哪三大類 (形狀上, 高度分佈, 地質上)
4.A. Wegener學說的主要弱點何在 (動力來源)
5.弱點的解決 (Auther Holmes)
6.古地磁學palaeomagnetism (居里點攝氏500度c)
7.板塊構造學說plate tectonic theory(1960s) 台灣附近的構造,琉球海溝 ,馬尼拉海溝.
8.板塊的邊界類型 convergent,divergent,parallel
9.裂谷 Great rift valleys,kmzfile
10.ML(芮氏,里氏,黎克特)地震規模Richter sacle(0-10),Mw矩震級(地震矩規模)Moment Magnitude Scale,1900以來規模最大的地震,地震分佈three main zone(pacific ring of fire, alpide belt, mid-atlantic ridge)
921集集大地震 ML 7.3 死亡人數2321
11.火山的形態與分佈 (Mt. St. Helens,喀斯開山脈Cascade range)
台灣火山分佈以北部地區有觀音山,大屯火山群,基隆火山群,龜山島,草嶺山.東部地區海岸山脈,綠島,蘭嶼.西部地區澎湖列島,關西竹東,北部公館.

2.1nebular theory

2007-04-15T22:14:00.000+08:00

The Nebular Hypothesis

h ttp://www.astro.rug.nl/~onderwys/ACTUEELONDERZOEK/JAAR2000/typical/models.html

The Protoplanet Hypothesis

http://library.thinkquest.org/27930/planet_formation.htm

2.1

2007-04-13T22:21:00.000+08:00

宇宙Universe,星系團Galaxy groups and clusters(Virgo Supercluster) ,星系Galaxy(Milk way),恆星Star,行星Planet
2.1太陽系的行星planet艾吉沃斯-古柏帶（英語：Edgeworth-Kuiper belt；EKB，一般簡稱作古柏帶，或譯作庫柏帶）是太陽系的海王星軌道(距離太陽約30天文單位)外側的黃道面附近、具有密集的天體的中空圓盤狀領域。古柏帶是現時我們所知的太陽系的邊界，是太陽系大多數彗星的來源地。有天文學家認為，由於冥王星的大小和古柏帶的小行星的大小相約，所以冥王星應該排除在太陽系的行星之外，而歸入古柏帶小行星的行列當中；而冥王星的衛星則應被當作是其伴星。在2006年8月的國際天文學聯合會已經將冥王星(2344km)、穀神星 (959km)與新發現的鬩神星(2400km)一起歸入新分類的矮行星。1.地球的起源 nebular theory(hypothesis) ,地球直徑12744km德国哲学家康德在1755年提出“星云说”。他根据当时的天文观测资料，认为宇宙中存在着原始的分散的物质微粒，这些物质微粒产生围绕中心的旋转运动，并逐渐向一个平面集中，最后中心物质形成太阳，赤道平面上的物质则形成地球等行星和其他小天体。这个“星云说”后来渐渐形成了太阳系起源学说的一种流派。地球的形成，根据星云理论，地球原星体大约比现在重500倍，直径大约是现在的2000倍，由于重国的差异，重元素沉入物质，形成厚而重的核心，周围是轻的物质。当太阳收缩到内部产生反应时，太阳发热、发光、辐射出大量粒子，这些粒子扫射到地球表面时，把地球表面轻物质“赶跑”。于是地球就剩下那些密度大的，基本上都是固态的物质了。　　还有一些假说，也有一定的道理。如有人认为地球是是太阳中甩出来的；有人认为是太阳一颗孪生伴星变成碎块后，其中有一块成为地球。这些假说，不像星云说为大家所接受。2.環境的構成元素生命環境(bioshpere),非生命環境(lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere )3.珊瑚礁系統

1.4 world focus

2007-03-20T13:40:00.000+08:00

orders of magnitude普遍認為宇宙誕生到現在有150億年。所以我們可能觀察到的最廣闊宇宙空間的直徑只可能在150億光年這樣的範圍之內。10億光年(10^25m)-0.1飛米(10^-16m)
light year (10trillion 十萬億kilometer=9454254955488000米)10^16m
millimeter毫米10^-3
mmicormeter微米10^-6m
nanometer奈米 10^-9m
picometer皮米10^-12m
fermi飛米 10^-15m

最近大家愛爬山-七大洲最高峰
亞洲第一高峰Mount Everest 珠穆朗瑪峰 8848m Nepal and China, 27.987450N, 86.924226E
南美洲第一高峰Mount Aconcagau阿空加瓜峰 6962m Argentina, -32.652778° S, -70.011111° W)
北美洲第一高峰Mount McKinley麥金利山(Denali) 6194m, Alaska, 63.073644N, -151.030165W
非洲第一高峰 Mount Kilimanjaro乞馬札羅山 5895m, Tanzania, -3.068869S, 37.357502E
歐洲最高峰Mount Elbrus 厄爾布魯士峰5633m, Russia, 43.351535N, 42.436437E
南極洲最高峰 Mount Vinson 文森峰 Antarctica, 4897m -79.045429S, -84.815042W
大洋洲最高峰 Puncak Jaya(Carstensz Pyramid)查亞峰 Indonesia(New Guinea), 4884m -4.083321S, 137.709E

1.3system

2007-03-17T09:05:00.000+08:00

a system may be defined as a group of things or parts(elements) that work together through a regular set of relations(links) within defined limits(boundary).教材p18.

a system is defined 'a set of components and the relationsips between them' 教材p38.

一九四八年前後，奧地利生物學家 Bertalanffy（ Ludeig von Bertalanffy， 1901-1972 ）提出了一般系統論
什麼是系統？系統就是「由相互作用與相互依賴的若干組成部分，結合成的具有特定功能的有機整體，而且這個系統本身又是它所從屬的一個更大系統的組成部分」。小到分子、原子、基本粒子……大到地球、太陽系、銀河系等等，人們觀察所及的尺度，都是系統，有自然系統、人工系統，還有自然系統與人工系統相結合的複雜系統。系統的定義強調了事物的整體性，以及構成系統的部分之間，系統與環境的相互作用。用這樣的觀點去看事物就是系統思想，或者叫做系統觀。(系統思想的發展與內容 http://www.atlas-zone.com/science/part_1/system/page1.htm )

1.2 space and time on the beach

2007-03-16T09:02:00.000+08:00

Where are thery?
1.absolute location
(We can identify locations as precise points on the Earth's surface by using a grid system of latitude and longitude. )dots map, choropleth map, isopleth map.
2.relatvie location.
understand why a population is organized, or distributed, in a particular way.intrimate space, personal space, social space, public space.

Time geography and Spatial diffusion
1.static and dynamic
2.a specific time context(decades, months, days, minutes)
3.spatial diffusion(time-space geography)

1.2 space and time 1.3 people and envionment

2007-03-11T10:33:00.000+08:00

mapping in absolute space
choropleth maps面量圖(等值域圖)

isopleth maps等值線圖

relative space
four action zones: intimate space, personal space, social space, public space.

time geography and spatial diffusion
static and dynamic
box1.B
space and time form the framework of the cage

Lund University隆德大学, Sweden(Hagerstrand) 55.711474, 13.198579
Mauna Kea observatory 毛納基山天文臺，坐落在美國夏威夷群島的大島上的毛納基山頂峰上 Big island, Hawaii 19.825433, -155.477969

1.3 people and environment

environment, geographers mean the sum total of conditions that surround a person at any one point on the earth's surface.
1.environmental impacts on human beings
spatial covariation空間共變
人與環境之間存在著透鏡(lens)與濾器(filter)會影響人的判斷與選擇

2.human modification of environments
this impact often lagged in time and different place.

3.human-environment system
a group of things or parts(elements) that work together through a regular set of relations(links) within defined limits(boundary).
loop (feedback)
negative feedback
postive feedback

1.1 the crowded beach

2007-03-11T09:46:00.000+08:00

地理學的多樣性?
physcial geography,human geography,regional geography.

地理學者的共通性?
where events were occuring in space?(location)

three different but interlock questions?
location,human-environment relation,region.

1.0 on the beach 1.1 crowded beach

2007-03-11T09:40:00.000+08:00

1.0
Nevil Shute - on the beach
Melbourne墨爾本, Australiast.
kilda pier聖淇塔碼頭 -37.864664, 144.970407
Alex Garland - the beach
Ko phangan帕安島, Thailand(Ko Samui) 9.733259, 100.203061

人類很早就開始利用海洋,腓尼基的航海文明早在公元前2500年，地中海東岸的有一個國家叫腓尼基。腓尼基的意思就是"造船者"。
全球主要城市3/4分佈在海邊
人口最多的都會地區 (google map) 東京(Yokohama橫濱, Kawasaki川崎, Saitama埼玉)3340 首爾2320 墨西哥2210 紐約2180 孟買2130

指數成長(exponential growth):數量以固定百分率增加，其成長曲線為丁(J)字型。在族群生態學上，指族群數量在一段時期內，呈現以固定百分率（指數）增加的成長模式；其成長曲線成丁(J)字型為其特徵。
直線成長(linear growth)：在一單位時間內數量以常數增加，如1, 2, 3, 4, 5 或1, 3, 5, 7, 9 等依此類推。此類成長速度若將其繪成線直線成長性圖，則圖形為一斜率上升的直線。

1.1
physical geography (spit沙嘴longshore drift沿岸漂流 swash沖流 backwash回流 )
human geography (relationship of people to their environment)
regional geography (offshore zone離岸區swash zone衝濺區 dunes沙丘 lagoon潟湖 mainland大陸 )

box1.A(space空間, location區位, place地方)的定義
space: means extent or area, unsually expressed in terms of the earth's surface.
location: means a particular position within space, usually a position on the earth surface.
place: also means a particular position on the earth's surface; but, in conrtrast to location, it is not use in abstract sense but confined to an identifiable location o which we load certain values.
place=location+informaion(value)

Mount Everest珠穆朗瑪峰(8848m) 27.987450, 86.924226
Kronborg Castle(Hamlet哈姆雷特堡)Helsingor, Denmark 56.038889, 12.620845