2-2 p28-31 2-3 p31-32

2-2What is matter?

Matter consists of elements and compounds
1. def matter: mass and space.
2. def elements: the distinctive building blocks of matter
3. def compounds
4. four elements make up our body weight(oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen)
stuff材料,原料
distinctive有特色的,特殊的
compound混合物;化合物

phosphorus KK:[]磷

chlorine KK:[]氯

fluorine KK:[]氟

bromine KK:[]溴

sodium KK:[]鈉

calcium KK:[]鈣

arsenic KK:[]砷

uranium KK:[]鈾

Atoms, ions, and molecules are the building blocks of matter
5. def atom: smallest unit of matter, still retain its chemical properties. atomic theory
6. atom cotains a certain number of subatomic particles: proton質子, neutron, and electron
7. def nucleus原子核, atomic number原子序, mass number質量數,isotope同位素.
8. ion離子, pH(hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion), neutral solution溶液, acidic solution, basic solution
9. organic compounds: hydrocarbons碳氫化合物, chlorinated hydrocarbons含氯碳氫化合物, simple carbonhydrates 碳水化合物
molecule分子
superscript上標(寫在上方的符號或文字)
nitrate硝酸鹽
soared猛增;暴漲
compound化合物
sodium鈉
chloride氯化物
chemical formula化學式
octane辛烷
glucose葡萄糖
lipid脂質

Some forms of matters are more useful than orhters
10. matter quality base on its availability and concentration

2-3How can matter change?

Matter undergoes physical, chemical, and nuclear changes
1. def physical change, chemical change(chemical reaction)
2. three type of nuclear change: natural radioactive decay放射性自然衰變, nuclear fission核分裂, nuclear fusion核融合
foil箔,金屬薄片
spontaneously自然地;自發地
chunk相當大的部分(或數量)
核衰變
226/88Ra → 222/86Rn + 4/2He（alfa）
32/15P→32/16S+β (beta)
55/26Fe+e-→55/25Mn (beta)
60/27Co→60/28Ni+γ+γ (gamma)
核分裂 n + U235 -> Ba143 + Kr91 + 2n
核融合 H2 + H3 -> He4 + n
元素週期表 (wiki) s32(textbook)

We cannot create or destroy matter
3. law of conservation of matter物質守恆(不滅)定律

2-4 , 2-5

2-4 What is energy and how can it change its form?

energy comes in many forms
1.def energy: capacity能力 to do work or transfer heat.
2. two type of energy: kinetic energy(moving engery), stored energy(potential energy)
3. kinetic energy: moving matter, heat, electromagnetic radition
4. potential energy
propelling推動
kinetic運動的
substance物質
motion運動,移動
object物體
unlit未被點燃的

Some types of energy are more useful than others
5. energy quality
capacity能量,生產力

Energy changes are governed by two scientific laws
6. thermodynamic熱力學
7. law of conservation of energy (the first law of thermodynamics)
8. second law fo thermodynamics: when energy changes from one form to another, we always end up with lower quality or less usable energy than we started with.
9. energy efficiency
violation違反;違背
filament白熱絲,燈絲
incandescent熾熱的,白熱的
appliance器具,用具;裝置,設備

2-5 How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?

Today's advanced industrialized societies waste enormous amounts of matter and energy
10. high-throughput生產量(high-waste)economies
11. planetary sinks 地球污水坑
enormous巨大的,龐大的
outline概述,略述
planetary sinks

We can shift to matter-recycling and reuse economies
12. matter recycling and reuse economy
indefinitely無定限地

We can use scientific lessons form nature to shift to more sustainable societies
13. low-throughput(low-waste) economy