5.4 What are the major types of aquatic systems?
Most of the earth is covered with water
1.four ocean: Atlantic, Arctic ocean北冰洋, Pacific, and Indian ocean. (five oceans: + southern ocean南冰洋)
2.aquatic life zone are classified into two major types: saltwater and freshwater
precious貴重的,寶貴的
film薄層;薄膜
equivalent相等的,相同的
Most aquatic species live in top, middle, or bottom layers of water
3.several types of organisms: plankton浮游生物(phytoplankton, zooplankton), nekton游行動物, benthos底生生物, decomposers.
4.surface, middle, and bottom layer. limit factors: temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen content, and availbaility of nutrients.
dweller居民
barnacle藤壺
spot地點
worm蟲,蠕蟲
burrow洞穴,地道
euphotic zone光亮帶, 水之最上層
marine snow海雪
2008年5月12日 星期一
5-5p94-99
5-5What are the major ocean zones and how have we affected them?
Oecans provide important ecological and economic resources
oceans provide many important ecological and economic services.
pharmaceutical製藥
Most of the ecological action takes place in the coastal zone
1.oceans have three major life zones: coastal zone, open sea, and ocean bottom.
1.1coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, shorelines, and coral reefs have a high NPP per unit of area.
euphotic透光層 zone,
bathyal半深海zone,
abyssal深淵 zone
Estuaries and coastal wetlands are highly productive
2.estuaries, where rivers meet the sea
3.costal wetlands, land areas covered with water all or part of the year (包括river mouths, inlets水灣;小灣,bays, sounds海峽, salt marshes, mangrove forests)
3.1 coastal aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services.(filter toxic, reduce storm damage and coast erosion...)
excess過量,過剩
plume羽狀物
Living with the tides: rocky and sandy sores have different types of organisms
4.intertidal zone潮間帶
5.rocky shores and sandy shores
6.barrier beaches generally have one or more rows of natural sand dunes
pound猛擊
swept(sweep)沖走
crush壓碎,壓壞
barrier beach濱外沙埂; 障礙海灘
crustacean甲殼綱動物
ravages毀滅
anemone海葵
hermit 隱士crab
periwinkle玉黍螺
mussel珠蚌,河蚌
barnacle藤壺
sea lettuce萵苣
kelp海草;巨藻
monterey flatworm扁蟲
nudibranch裸鰓類動物
sculpin牛尾魚類;杜父魚
sea urchin海膽
Coral reefs are dazzling centers of aquatic biodiversity
7.mutually beneficial relationship between the polyps and the single-celled algae called zooxanthellae共生藻類(珊瑚的食物是珊瑚蟲體內的一種共生藻類製造的醣類，而這種藻類對溫度很敏感，當海水溫度升高攝氏三、四度，共生藻就無法製造珊瑚蟲所需的食物，進而造成珊瑚白化死亡。)
8.coral reefs ecological services and economic services
9.coral reefs are vulnerable to damage, temperature, acidity water
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
stunningly令人震驚地
polyp珊瑚蟲;水螅蟲
secrete分泌
elaborate精巧的
crevices裂縫,裂隙
moderate使和緩,減輕
molecules分子
antibiotic抗生素,抗菌素
ledge岩架,岩石突出部
condominium各戶有獨立產權的公寓(大廈)
In the open sea, light rules
10.according penetration of sunlight open ocean can distinguish three layers, brightly lit surface layer, dimly lit middle layer, dark bottom zone.
11.euphotic zone is brightly lit upper zone, 40% world's photosynthetic activity, nutrient levels are low, dissolved oxygen are high.
12.bathyal zone is the dimly lit middle zone
13.abyssal zone is dark and cold, little dissolved oxygen, teeming充滿的 with life
14.NPP
lit(light)照亮
predatory食肉的
Human activities are disrupting and degrading marine systems
trawler拖網漁船
bleaching白化
Oecans provide important ecological and economic resources
oceans provide many important ecological and economic services.
pharmaceutical製藥
Most of the ecological action takes place in the coastal zone
1.oceans have three major life zones: coastal zone, open sea, and ocean bottom.
1.1coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, shorelines, and coral reefs have a high NPP per unit of area.
euphotic透光層 zone,
bathyal半深海zone,
abyssal深淵 zone
Estuaries and coastal wetlands are highly productive
2.estuaries, where rivers meet the sea
3.costal wetlands, land areas covered with water all or part of the year (包括river mouths, inlets水灣;小灣,bays, sounds海峽, salt marshes, mangrove forests)
3.1 coastal aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services.(filter toxic, reduce storm damage and coast erosion...)
excess過量,過剩
plume羽狀物
Living with the tides: rocky and sandy sores have different types of organisms
4.intertidal zone潮間帶
5.rocky shores and sandy shores
6.barrier beaches generally have one or more rows of natural sand dunes
pound猛擊
swept(sweep)沖走
crush壓碎,壓壞
barrier beach濱外沙埂; 障礙海灘
crustacean甲殼綱動物
ravages毀滅
anemone海葵
hermit 隱士crab
periwinkle玉黍螺
mussel珠蚌,河蚌
barnacle藤壺
sea lettuce萵苣
kelp海草;巨藻
monterey flatworm扁蟲
nudibranch裸鰓類動物
sculpin牛尾魚類;杜父魚
sea urchin海膽
Coral reefs are dazzling centers of aquatic biodiversity
7.mutually beneficial relationship between the polyps and the single-celled algae called zooxanthellae共生藻類(珊瑚的食物是珊瑚蟲體內的一種共生藻類製造的醣類，而這種藻類對溫度很敏感，當海水溫度升高攝氏三、四度，共生藻就無法製造珊瑚蟲所需的食物，進而造成珊瑚白化死亡。)
8.coral reefs ecological services and economic services
9.coral reefs are vulnerable to damage, temperature, acidity water
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
stunningly令人震驚地
polyp珊瑚蟲;水螅蟲
secrete分泌
elaborate精巧的
crevices裂縫,裂隙
moderate使和緩,減輕
molecules分子
antibiotic抗生素,抗菌素
ledge岩架,岩石突出部
condominium各戶有獨立產權的公寓(大廈)
In the open sea, light rules
10.according penetration of sunlight open ocean can distinguish three layers, brightly lit surface layer, dimly lit middle layer, dark bottom zone.
11.euphotic zone is brightly lit upper zone, 40% world's photosynthetic activity, nutrient levels are low, dissolved oxygen are high.
12.bathyal zone is the dimly lit middle zone
13.abyssal zone is dark and cold, little dissolved oxygen, teeming充滿的 with life
14.NPP
lit(light)照亮
predatory食肉的
Human activities are disrupting and degrading marine systems
trawler拖網漁船
bleaching白化
5-6p100-103
5.6 What are the major types of freshwater systems and how have we affected them?
Water stands in some freshwater systems and flows in others
1.freshwater life zones include standing不流動的 and flowing systems
Lakes are depressions凹地,漥地 filled with freshwater
2.deep lakes normally consist of four distinct zones that define by depth and distance form shore, littoral沿岸的 zone(high biodiversity), limnetic透光層 zone(main photosynthetic body), profundal 深底的zone(without sunlight and plants, oxygen levels are low), benthic水底的 zone(it is nourished)
seepage滲流
drain排出
sunlit陽光照射的
cattail香蒲
Some lakes have more nutrients than others
3.ecologists classify lakes according to their nutrient content and primary productivity. oligotrophic 營養不足的lake(deep,crystal-clear water and a low NPP), eutrophic營養的 lake (shallow, murky陰鬱的 brown or green water, hith NPP), mesotrophic中營養的 lake
4.cultural eutrophication培養優養化
cloud使混濁
mat叢,簇,團[(+of)]
cyanobacteria藍綠藻
Freshwater streams and rivers carry water from the mountains to the oceans
5.surface water, runoff
6.watershed, drainage basin
7.three aquatic life zones: source zone, transition zone, floodplain zone.
8.coastal deltas, wetlands,and inland floodplains
canyon峽谷
low-lying低窪的
bordering area 接壤地區
Freshwater inland wetlands are vital sponges
9.inland wetland (marshes, swamps, prairie pothole洞坑, floodplains, and wet arctic tundra)
10.seasonal wetland use the composition of the soil or the presence of certain plants to determined.
11.provide wildlife habitats, filter toxic wastes, reduce flooding and erosion, replenish stream flows and recharge groundwater aquifers, recreational opportunities.
soggy潮濕的
bottomland窪地
cattail香蒲
bulrush蘆葦
red maple紅槭
shellfish貝
cranberries小紅莓
Human activities are disrupting and degrading freshwater systems
12. four major way :a. dams, and canals, b. flood control levees and dikes, c. city and farmland,
d. drained or filled.
Historically a dike (海堤)is used to divert or restain flood water from tidal bodies of water such as the system of dikes which protect the Netherlands. A levee (河堤), on the other hand, diverts or restains flood waters from streams and lakes, such as the system of levees which protect cities along the Mississippi River.
Water stands in some freshwater systems and flows in others
1.freshwater life zones include standing不流動的 and flowing systems
Lakes are depressions凹地,漥地 filled with freshwater
2.deep lakes normally consist of four distinct zones that define by depth and distance form shore, littoral沿岸的 zone(high biodiversity), limnetic透光層 zone(main photosynthetic body), profundal 深底的zone(without sunlight and plants, oxygen levels are low), benthic水底的 zone(it is nourished)
seepage滲流
drain排出
sunlit陽光照射的
cattail香蒲
Some lakes have more nutrients than others
3.ecologists classify lakes according to their nutrient content and primary productivity. oligotrophic 營養不足的lake(deep,crystal-clear water and a low NPP), eutrophic營養的 lake (shallow, murky陰鬱的 brown or green water, hith NPP), mesotrophic中營養的 lake
4.cultural eutrophication培養優養化
cloud使混濁
mat叢,簇,團[(+of)]
cyanobacteria藍綠藻
Freshwater streams and rivers carry water from the mountains to the oceans
5.surface water, runoff
6.watershed, drainage basin
7.three aquatic life zones: source zone, transition zone, floodplain zone.
8.coastal deltas, wetlands,and inland floodplains
canyon峽谷
low-lying低窪的
bordering area 接壤地區
Freshwater inland wetlands are vital sponges
9.inland wetland (marshes, swamps, prairie pothole洞坑, floodplains, and wet arctic tundra)
10.seasonal wetland use the composition of the soil or the presence of certain plants to determined.
11.provide wildlife habitats, filter toxic wastes, reduce flooding and erosion, replenish stream flows and recharge groundwater aquifers, recreational opportunities.
soggy潮濕的
bottomland窪地
cattail香蒲
bulrush蘆葦
red maple紅槭
shellfish貝
cranberries小紅莓
Human activities are disrupting and degrading freshwater systems
12. four major way :a. dams, and canals, b. flood control levees and dikes, c. city and farmland,
d. drained or filled.
Historically a dike (海堤)is used to divert or restain flood water from tidal bodies of water such as the system of dikes which protect the Netherlands. A levee (河堤), on the other hand, diverts or restains flood waters from streams and lakes, such as the system of levees which protect cities along the Mississippi River.
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