1.2 p10-1How can environmentally sustainable societies grow economically?

There is a wide economic gap between rich and poor countries
1.國內生產毛額
economic growth :increase in an nation's output of goods and services.
GDP國內生產毛額, per capita GDP每人國內生產毛額, per capita GDP-PPP(購買力平價)
通常傳統的GDP計算的是一個地區內生產的產品價值，僅包含市場極少數非市場的交易行為，並未納入自然資源耗損及環境污染，導致國民所得愈高而環境汙染愈大，污染防治費用支出愈高的現象，無法真實反應一個國家的國民生活水準。綠色GDP(綠色國民所得會計帳Green GDP)之精神在於傳統GDP中扣除自然資源耗損之經濟損失、為恢復生態平衡或彌補資源損失而花費的投資，為衡量國家永續發展之指標。(段維萍)
2.國內生產毛額的平價
聯合國自1965年起推動購買力平價(Purchasing Power Parity, PPP)國際比較計畫(International Comparison Program, ICP)，透過各國實地查價，以計算各國PPP，並以PPP而非匯率來折算各國GDP，俾更精確地衡量各國相對經濟發展情形、市場規模及物價水準。(主計處)
3.已開發國家
economic development :use economic growth to improve living standards
4.開發中國家
developed countries, developing countries (per capita GDP over 10,000 U.S)
5.貧窮的惡性循環
poverty casue envrionment degration
6.開發中與已開發的差異
7.極端貧窮
The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25 (PPP) per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 a day, estimating that "in 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day."
extreme poverty(1/2 people less than $2 a day), desperately poor (1/6 people less than $1)
8.傳統的經濟發展
9.環境永續的經濟發展
what should we do? conventional economic growth, or environmentally sustainable economic development.

parity同等;類似
purchasing power parity(PPP)購買力平價指數
GDP-PPP人均國內生產總值 (購買力平價)
Angola安哥拉
Belarus白俄羅斯
destitute窮困的
desperate危急的;絕望的
dysfunctional不正常的
haves and have nots=people who are rich and those who are not (富人和窮人)