chapter1 environmental problems, their causes, and sustainability

chapter1: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6

Core ase study
1,國王下棋的賭注
2.損失慘重
3.指數成長
4.紙張實例
exponential growth指數成長
y=a(b)^t or y=a(1+r)^t
exponentail expression calculator
youtube example baic , advance , graph
2^63=9,223,372,036,854,776,000 =922萬兆
5.人口的例子
6.人口增加量
西元1年2億，1800年地球人口達到10億，1930年達到20億，1960年達到30 億，1974年達到40億，1987年達到50億，1999年達到60億，全球人口增長在20世紀一直呈加速狀態。不過，隨著婦女生育率的下降，進入21 世紀以來，全球人口的增長速度已經放慢。(大紀元)
2007年人口達67億。

The world population growth rate rose from about 1.5 percent per year from 1950-51 to a peak of over 2 percent in the early 1960s due to reductions in mortality. Growth rates thereafter started to decline due to rising age at marriage as well as increasing availability and use of effective contraceptive methods. (U.S. census bureau)
複利72法則（rule of 72s），也就是以72除以報酬率，便得出一定金額的投資大約需要幾年的時間會成為兩倍。比方說，一項投資的複利報酬率為9%，需要約八年的時間（72除 以9等於8）成長為兩倍，如果報酬率是6%，則需要約十二年的時間（72除以6等於12）才會成為兩倍。

複利公式：本利和＝本金（１＋利率）×期數【時間】
因為複利公式計算複雜，因而有了複利七二法則。

7.人口增加對資源的需求
8.能源的消耗與森林砍伐也是指數成長
因為人口的指數成長與資源消費, 造成維生系統降級(degradation)，環境中將irreversible loss of 1/3 to 1/2 the world's known species.
burning fossil and cleaning forests will change the earth's climate.

9.好消息，我們已經有解決這些問題的方法。

getting off easy逃脫處罰
deceptive迷惑的,騙人的
collectively全體地
living off維生
dedicated專注的;獻身的

1.1 何謂環境永續的社會

inconceivable不可思議的
mediate居中
delicate精美的,雅緻的
wayward難捉摸的,反覆無常的;不規則的
enlivening使有生氣;使活躍

Environmeatl science is a study of connections in nature
1環境的定義
def environment: is everything around us(living and nonlilving things).
2.環境科學的定義
def environmental science:an interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationships with living and noliving things(including natural science, social science and. 目標是how nature works, how the environment affect us, how we affect the environment, and how to deal with environmental problems and live more sustainably.
3.生態學的定義
def ecology and its study focus is ecosystem.
4.何謂環境主義
Environmentalism is a social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the natural environment, both for its own sake as well as its importance to civilization.(wiki)
depleting用盡;使減少
degrading降低品質的
utterly完全地;徹底地
humanities人文學科
organism生物,有機體
arena 活動場所

Sustainablility is the central theme of this book
1.何謂永續力
def sustainability : to surivie and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely
2.永續的主要成份
natural capital自然資本 (compares natural resources and ecological processes to "money in the bank" (i.e. "capital"))(wiki). natural resource自然資源(materials and energy:renewable and nonrenewable),nature service自然服務.
3.營養循環
4.太陽資本，光合作用
5.自然資本劣化（降級）
many human activity can degrade natural capital
6.科學研究與經濟政治系統介入
scientific search solutions to environmental problems
7.解決環境問題是一種交換與妥協的過程
resolve conflicts by making trade-offs, or compromises
11.朝向環境永續的轉向是以科學的概念與專家研究為基礎，個人扮演重要的角色
individuals matter (the power of one)

indefinitely無限期地
biofuel生質燃料
residues 殘餘,剩餘
trade-off 交換
compromise妥協方案,折衷辦法
pocketbook錢包,女用手提包

Environmentally sustainable societies protect natural capital and live off its income

1.環境永續社會的目標
meet the current basic needs in a just and equitalbe manner without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs.
"proctct your capital and live off the income it provides."living off natural income
2.樂透的例子
3.古老的教訓
4.全球信託基金
5.壞消息，自然資源的濫用；好消息，我們擁有解決的知識與工具
the bad news, we are living unsustainably by wasting, depleting, and degrading the earth's natural capital. (62% of the natural services are degrading or overusing)
the good news is we have the knowledge and tools to slove the problems.

"台灣的水資源主要來自降雨，以年平均降雨量2500公釐估算，台灣每年可生產水量900億立方公尺，平均約有670億立方公尺的水量從河川流出，其中約100億立方公尺以上的水量可直接自河川引用作為灌溉或民生用水，另由水庫調節供應約36億立方公尺，由地下水平衡抽用約40億立方公尺，因此在目前每年可獲得平均的供水量約176億～180億立方公尺左右的水量。但依經濟部估計，民國79年的總用水量即達195億立方公尺"(水資源的開發利用與保育)
95年水資源供給概況：年總供(用)水量 174億立方公尺(）=地面水118億立方公尺+地下水55億立方公尺(經濟部水利署)
income定期收入
adequate適當的
equitable公平的;公正的
compromising危害,妥協
live off 以...為食物,靠...生活,靠...供養
indefinitely無限期地
strain 拉緊,濫用
taken for granted理所當然
crash program應急措施

1.2 p10-1How can environmentally sustainable societies grow economically?

There is a wide economic gap between rich and poor countries
1.國內生產毛額
economic growth :increase in an nation's output of goods and services.
GDP國內生產毛額, per capita GDP每人國內生產毛額, per capita GDP-PPP(購買力平價)
通常傳統的GDP計算的是一個地區內生產的產品價值，僅包含市場極少數非市場的交易行為，並未納入自然資源耗損及環境污染，導致國民所得愈高而環境汙染愈大，污染防治費用支出愈高的現象，無法真實反應一個國家的國民生活水準。綠色GDP(綠色國民所得會計帳Green GDP)之精神在於傳統GDP中扣除自然資源耗損之經濟損失、為恢復生態平衡或彌補資源損失而花費的投資，為衡量國家永續發展之指標。(段維萍)
2.國內生產毛額的平價
聯合國自1965年起推動購買力平價(Purchasing Power Parity, PPP)國際比較計畫(International Comparison Program, ICP)，透過各國實地查價，以計算各國PPP，並以PPP而非匯率來折算各國GDP，俾更精確地衡量各國相對經濟發展情形、市場規模及物價水準。(主計處)
3.已開發國家
economic development :use economic growth to improve living standards
4.開發中國家
developed countries, developing countries (per capita GDP over 10,000 U.S)
5.貧窮的惡性循環
poverty casue envrionment degration
6.開發中與已開發的差異
7.極端貧窮
The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25 (PPP) per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 a day, estimating that "in 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day."
extreme poverty(1/2 people less than $2 a day), desperately poor (1/6 people less than $1)
8.傳統的經濟發展
9.環境永續的經濟發展
what should we do? conventional economic growth, or environmentally sustainable economic development.

parity同等;類似
purchasing power parity(PPP)購買力平價指數
GDP-PPP人均國內生產總值 (購買力平價)
Angola安哥拉
Belarus白俄羅斯
destitute窮困的
desperate危急的;絕望的
dysfunctional不正常的
haves and have nots=people who are rich and those who are not (富人和窮人)