1.3system

a system may be defined as a group of things or parts(elements) that work together through a regular set of relations(links) within defined limits(boundary).教材p18.

a system is defined 'a set of components and the relationsips between them' 教材p38.

一九四八年前後，奧地利生物學家 Bertalanffy（ Ludeig von Bertalanffy， 1901-1972 ）提出了一般系統論
什麼是系統？系統就是「由相互作用與相互依賴的若干組成部分，結合成的具有特定功能的有機整體，而且這個系統本身又是它所從屬的一個更大系統的組成部分」。小到分子、原子、基本粒子……大到地球、太陽系、銀河系等等，人們觀察所及的尺度，都是系統，有自然系統、人工系統，還有自然系統與人工系統相結合的複雜系統。系統的定義強調了事物的整體性，以及構成系統的部分之間，系統與環境的相互作用。用這樣的觀點去看事物就是系統思想，或者叫做系統觀。(系統思想的發展與內容 http://www.atlas-zone.com/science/part_1/system/page1.htm )

1.2 space and time on the beach

Where are thery?
1.absolute location
(We can identify locations as precise points on the Earth's surface by using a grid system of latitude and longitude. )dots map, choropleth map, isopleth map.
2.relatvie location.
understand why a population is organized, or distributed, in a particular way.intrimate space, personal space, social space, public space.


Time geography and Spatial diffusion
1.static and dynamic
2.a specific time context(decades, months, days, minutes)
3.spatial diffusion(time-space geography)

1.2 space and time 1.3 people and envionment

mapping in absolute space
choropleth maps面量圖(等值域圖)

isopleth maps等值線圖

relative space
four action zones: intimate space, personal space, social space, public space.

time geography and spatial diffusion
static and dynamic
box1.B
space and time form the framework of the cage


Lund University隆德大学, Sweden(Hagerstrand) 55.711474, 13.198579
Mauna Kea observatory 毛納基山天文臺 ，坐落在美國夏威夷群島的大島上的毛納基山頂峰上 Big island, Hawaii 19.825433, -155.477969

1.3 people and environment

environment, geographers mean the sum total of conditions that surround a person at any one point on the earth's surface.
1.environmental impacts on human beings
spatial covariation空間共變
人與環境之間存在著透鏡(lens)與濾器(filter)會影響人的判斷與選擇

2.human modification of environments
this impact often lagged in time and different place.

3.human-environment system
a group of things or parts(elements) that work together through a regular set of relations(links) within defined limits(boundary).
loop (feedback)
negative feedback
postive feedback

1.1 the crowded beach

地理學的多樣性?
physcial geography,human geography,regional geography.

地理學者的共通性?
where events were occuring in space?(location)

three different but interlock questions?
location,human-environment relation,region.

1.0 on the beach 1.1 crowded beach

1.0
Nevil Shute - on the beach
Melbourne墨爾本, Australiast.
kilda pier聖淇塔碼頭 -37.864664, 144.970407
Alex Garland - the beach
Ko phangan帕安島, Thailand(Ko Samui) 9.733259, 100.203061

人類很早就開始利用海洋,腓尼基的航海文明 早在公元前2500年，地中海東岸的有一個國家叫腓尼基。腓尼基的意思就是"造船者"。
全球主要城市3/4分佈在海邊
人口最多的都會地區 (google map) 東京(Yokohama橫濱, Kawasaki川崎, Saitama埼玉)3340 首爾2320 墨西哥2210 紐約2180 孟買2130

指數成長(exponential growth):數量以固定百分率增加，其成長曲線為丁(J)字型。在族群生態學上，指族群數量在一段時期內，呈現以固定百分率（指數）增加的成長模式；其成長曲線成丁(J)字型為其特徵。
直線成長(linear growth)：在一單位時間內數量以常數增加，如1, 2, 3, 4, 5 或1, 3, 5, 7, 9 等依此類推。此類成長速度若將其繪成線直線成長性圖，則圖形為一斜率上升的直線。

1.1
physical geography (spit沙嘴longshore drift沿岸漂流 swash沖流 backwash回流 )
human geography (relationship of people to their environment)
regional geography (offshore zone離岸區swash zone衝濺區 dunes沙丘 lagoon潟湖 mainland大陸 )

box1.A(space空間, location區位, place地方)的定義
space: means extent or area, unsually expressed in terms of the earth's surface.
location: means a particular position within space, usually a position on the earth surface.
place: also means a particular position on the earth's surface; but, in conrtrast to location, it is not use in abstract sense but confined to an identifiable location o which we load certain values.
place=location+informaion(value)

Mount Everest珠穆朗瑪峰(8848m) 27.987450, 86.924226
Kronborg Castle(Hamlet哈姆雷特堡)Helsingor, Denmark 56.038889, 12.620845