17.1 p401-5

chapter17 Environmental economics, politics, and worldwiews

Rescuing a river-core case study
人物Marion Stoddart
地點Nashua river.Groton, Massachusetts
時間1960s
事件restoring the Nashua and establishing public parklands along its banks. one-on-one persuasion. power broker . state (ban), federl(fund, grant), communities(park and woodland), water treatment plants, fish and wildlife, canoeing and recreation.
a committed individual can do to bring about change form the bottom up by getting people to work together. (politics)
filthiest最不潔的
bob上下震動
pigment顏料
petition請願書
materialize具體化
mound一堆
testimony證據,證明;表徵
spearheading先鋒
time-honored長久有名聲的

17-1.How are economic systems related to the bioshpere?

Economic systems are supported by three types of resources.
1. def economics , market-based economic system.
2. 三種資源(資本)用來生產貨物與服務:

natural resources(capital), human resources(capital), manufactured resources(capital)

Economists disagree over the importance of natural resources
3. neoclassical economist, ecological economists, environmental economists(對自然資源重要性.經濟成長有不同的看法)
4. 社會經濟成長並保持環境永續只有當這種經濟發展是有利於環境的基礎上 eco-economy
5. 由unlimited economic growth轉向eco-economy的策略a. health monitor, b. full-cost pricing, c. eco-labeling, d. subsidy shifting, e. tax shifting, f. innovation-friendly regulation, g. tradable permits, h. sell services instand of things
indispensable不可或缺
live off靠..維生
composting堆肥
no-till cultivation不整地耕作
innovation-friendly創新友好

tradable permits 許可權交易
marketplace市集

17.2 p405-10

17.2How can we use economic tools to deal with environmental problems?

Most things cost a lot more than you might think
1. market price(raw material, labor, shipping, and profit) ,additional direct cost(operation cost). 並不包括 harmfull external costs 在生產, 銷售, 使用, 廢棄的過程引起環境,健康或其他損害所產生的成本.
2. 具隱藏性的 harmfull external cost will be paid sooner or latter.
3. exteranl cost的隱藏造成三種主要的衝擊 impact: a. hinder green goods and service development, b. promotes pollution and resource waste, c. environmental degradation.
markup漲價

Using environmental economic indicators can reduce our environmental impact
4.GPI(genuine progress indicator), Green GDP. 這些指標的重要性.
corporate公司
proporent擁護者
counter反擊
genuine真實的
steering掌舵
treacherous變化莫測的

We can include harmful environmental cost in the prices of goods and services
5.environmentally honest market system, full costs
6.why not used widely? a. many producer oppose, b.diffuclt to estimate, c.consumer knowledge
7. government action(certifying and labeling, subsidies, taxs, laws, tradable permits)
prod刺激
certifying證書(明)
levy徵收

Environmentally informed consumers can vote with their wallets
8.eco-labeling program, green seal labeling program.
9.consumer pressure.

we can reward environmentally sustainable business
10. pahse out environmentally harmful subsides and tax breaks, $2 trillion(兆) a year. 補貼鼓勵了不永續的資源waste浪費,depletion消耗, degradation降級. (採煤. 開礦. 伐木. 農業灌溉)
11.美國納稅人沒年付出$2500補貼+$1000汙染清除與環境惡化費用
12.因為經濟與政治上的利益使得這種補貼持續存在 甚至遊說反對對環境友善的競爭者的補貼.
13.subsidy shifts over two decades would encourage the rise of new environmentally beneficial business.

We can tax pollution and wastes instead of wages and profits
14.green taxs, eco-taxs
15.tax shifting from labor, income, and wealth to environmentally harmful activites.
16.green tax 成功三要素: a. 需要15-20 years給企業來計劃. b. reduce or replace income, payroll, or other taxes. c. safety net.
17.無法真正運行,主要是政治上的阻力:有害於經濟發展的說法(美). 15個歐洲國家開始已實施
green tax (waste disposal, air and water pollution, co2 emissions, energy consumption, and vehicles entering congested city)
18.歐洲15國的例子發現可增加工作機會.薪資降稅.有利環境技術發展增加競爭力.
penalize不利
payroll薪金
backward落後的,發展遲緩的
endorsed背書
regressive後退的

Enviromental laws and regulations can discourage or encourgae innovation
19.def regulation
20.command and control approach.
21.incentive-based regulations, innovation-friendly regulation. 經濟上企業上更有競爭力
22.近年許多公司企業產生轉變shareholder value (a good envrionmental record)
compliance順從 承諾
adversarial對抗
shareholder股東
incentive誘發
stewardship看管

We can use the marketplace to reduce pollution and resource waste
23.tradable pollution and resource-use permits (cap-and-trade approach)
marketplace市場
cap最高限度
destruction破壞

We can reduce pollution and resource waste by selling services instead of things
24. from material-flow economy to service-flow economy
25. Xerox from copy machines sell to doucment service. Carries form air condition to temperature provider. (coffee machine)
outright全部的
lease租賃
incinerator焚化爐
boost促進
carpet地毯
tile地磚

17.3 p411-4

17-3 How can reducing poverty help us deal with environmental problem?

The gap between rich and poor is getting wider
1.def proverty
2.reducing poverty benefits individuals, economics, and environment and helps us to slow population growth.
3. neoclassical economist, trickle-down effect涓滴效應(利益均霑). but the fact is income flowing up to the rich, rather than trickling down to worker.
4.wealth gap has grown since 1980. 2005年全球最有錢的3人財富相當於全球最貧窮的48個國家
delegate代表

We can reduce poverty
5.education, hard work, displine can attract investment capital.
6.貧窮國的債務豁免forgive, 每分鐘要付$571,000的利息
7.政府.企業.國際貸款公司lending agencies,富人幫助貧窮國家對抗貧窮. (increase aids, combat malnutrition and infectious diseases, investment in small-scale infrastructure, small loans to poor people)
abject淒苦
indebte負債
debt-ridden債務充斥
mount發動,進行
self-reliant獨立自主


Case study-microloans to the poor
8.microlending or microcredit
9.Muhammad Yunus , Grameen Bank since 1983. repayment rate 99% compare to 45-50% in traditional bank in Bangladesh. 2006 won the Nobel Peace Prize.
collateral抵押品,擔保的,有擔保的
seamstress女裁縫師
weaver織布工
bookbinder裝訂商
default違約


We can achieve the world's millennium development goals
10.MDGs(millennium development goal) 富裕國家捐獻 annual national income0.7%. but reality only 0.25%.(富國幫助窮國)


We can make the transition to an eco-economy and make money doing it
11. eco-economy(solutions): economics, resource use and pollution, ecology and population.
12.environmentally sustainable business and careers.
cosmetic化妝品
amend改善
remake再造
par同等
refusing拒絕;拒受
aquaculture水栽法 水產養殖
nanotechnology奈米技術

17-4(1)p415-9

17-4 How can we implement more sustainable and just environmental policies?

Dealing with environmnetal prolbems in democracies is not easy
1.def politics 何謂政治
2.environmental policy-- environmental laws, rules, regulations
3.def democracy 何謂民主 (constitutional democracy)
"Government of the people, by the people, and for the people，shall not perish from the earth." 為了緬懷南北戰爭陣亡的將士，1863年11月19日，美國總統（1861-1865）亞伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1965）在葛底斯堡國家公墓發表了熱情洋溢的演說。最早用到“民治、民有、民享”的說法的人是西元前四百多年古希臘的克萊翁（Cleon，？-422BC）將軍。他有一次向古希臘的市民發表講演，提到了“民治、民有、民享”的統治者的概念。
4.sepecial-interest groups( passing laws, developing budgets, and formulating regulations, elected and appointed goverment officials)
5.政府穩定與漸變的設計使得處理環境問題有些阻礙. 環境問題是複雜需要整合且需要長時間來處理. 此外政治人物對環境的運作, 生命.經濟.社會的支持並不了解.
constitutional democracy憲政民主
mandate授權
curb約束
advocate提倡
repeal廢除

Certain principles can guide us in making envrionmental policy
6.環境政策的八項原則 a. humility b. reversibility c. precautionary d. prevention e. polluter-pays f. public access and participation g. human rights h. environmental justice
hmiility謙虛

Individuals can influence environmental policy
7.如何影響環境政策 think globally, act locally
undue不正當的


Environmental leaders can make a big difference
8.provide environmental leadership in four ways: a.以身作則 b. 選舉 eco-friendly candidates, voting with our wallets, choose an environmental career c. run for some sort of local office d. propse and work for better solutions to environmental problems.
lead by example以身作則
office holder官員

Developing environmental policy is a controversial process
9.政府的功能在於提出與執行政策policy 來處理各種議題. 步驟有 a. law making b. get enough funds c. draw up regulations or rules for implementing
10.官商勾結的問題
controversial爭論的
exert運用
revolving door旋轉門條款

Case study-Managing public lands in United States--politics in action
11.聯邦政府管理35%的土地. national forest system, bureau of land management, U.S. fish and wildlife service, national park system, national wilderness preservation sytem
12.four principles should govern use of public lands: 保護生態為目標. 使用不能補貼或減稅. 使用的公平的補償. 使用者的完全責任.
13.反對者的態度與作為: 出售公有地. 削減聯邦基金. 砍老樹. 採礦與商業發展. 開礦使用費. 修改撤銷endengered species act. 重新定義溼地保護範圍. 避免個人與團體法律上的挑戰.
set aside閒置
waterfowl水禽
compensation補償
blocking阻礙
slash削減
royalty礦區使用費
repeal撤銷
override優先 超過

U.S. environmental laws and regulations are under attack
14.since 1980 weaken or repeal environmental laws and regulations.
15.three major groups: a. corporate leader, b. citizens, state and c. local government officials
16.環境議題轉變成不可見: climate change, biodiversity loss.
17.environmental law and regulatory agencies have been weakened by a combinatiion of excutive orders and congressional actions.
18.民意調查顯示80%的民眾支持環保規定 但不到10%的民眾認為環境是國家最重要的問題
repeal撤銷(決議等);廢除(法令等)
recent憤慨
unfunded mandate 權責不對等(沒錢的工作)
mobilizing動員
controversial有爭議的
stifling令人發悶的
dissent不同意
bipartisan兩個政黨
termite白蟻
crumble摧毀
undermine逐漸損害
ballot box選票箱

17.4(2)p419-423

Citizen environmental groups play important roles
1. NGOs 1970 有 2,000 至今有 100,000個團體
2. NGO從幾個人的草根小團體 到5百萬人的全球組織--世界自然基金會(WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature since 1993).此外還有包括: 綠色和平組織(greenpeace), 美國自然保育協會(The Nature Conservancy), 國際保育組織(Conservation International), 葛萊敏銀行(Grameen Bank)等大型國際組織.
3. global sustainability movement
4. some industries and environmental group are working together to find solutions to environmental problems.(McDonald, FedEx)
5.環保團體的手段方式: 土地信託. 非暴力示威靜坐. 激進的抗議行動
landfill垃圾填埋
waste incinerator焚化爐
tactic戰術;策略;手法
sway使動搖;影響
controversial有爭議的
militant激進的

Students can play important environmental roles
6. students, faculty教員, and administration行政人員共同合作
7. environmental audits環境稽核
8. 永續校園: recycling programs, geen dorm. 永續社區: toxic pollutants, ecological restoration project.
9. more holistic apporach to studying business
audit審計;查帳
panel鏡板
restoration修復;復原
endowment捐贈的基金
curriculum課程

Corporations can play a key role in achieving environmental sustainability
10. a delicate, dynamic balance between capitalism and democracy
11. government intervention
12. 轉向永續的社會與經濟需要大量的資金與研發 因此獲利的企業.銀行.貸款機構扮演重要腳色
13. eco-efficiency, finding the way to create more economic value with less environmental impact
14. WBCSD 2006 published 'ecosystem challenges and business implications'. it stated that there is an urgent need to attach economic values to natural resources.
delicate易碎的
thrive興旺,繁榮
strive努力,苦幹,奮鬥
curtail縮減,削減;縮短
strangle抑制,壓制
excessive過度的;過分的
coalition聯盟
implication牽連;涉及

Environmental security is as important as military and economic security
15. strong relation between growing scarcities of resources and the spread of civil violence and dysfunctional government.
legitimately正當地,合理地
fabric結構
deteriorate惡化
dysfunctional不正常的
dispute爭論;爭執
diplomacy外交

We can develop stronger international environmental policies
16.主要組織為 United Nations (UNEP,聯合國環境規劃署 WHO世界衛生組織, UNDP合國開發計劃署, FAO聯合國糧農組織)
17. 其他組織有world bank, global environmental facility(GEF)全球環境基金, world conservation union(IUCN)
18. 國際組織扮演重要角色在: a. 擴大了解環境議題 b. 收集與評估環境資料 c. 發展與監督國際環境條約 d. 提供補助與貸款來減少貧窮經由永續的經濟發展 e. 協助超國100個國家發展環境法律及機構.
19. 1972 U.N. conference on the human environment 聯合國人類環境會議 in Stockholm, Sweden. 類似世界衛生組織(WHO)成立世界環境組織(WEO)
20. environmental performance index(EPI)
Global Environment Facility全球環境基金
unding資金;基金
treaty條約,協定
nonbinding無約束
Mauritania茅利塔尼亞(非洲一國名)
Niger尼日

We can shift to more environmentally sustainable societies
21. transition guidelines: a. preventing b. marketplae solution c. win-win or trade-off solution d. stop exaggerating
22. rethink prioities
23. it is a political and ethical decision
Cash register收銀機
confrontation對抗
exaggerating使增大,使擴大;使過大
thorny多刺的
vow誓言,誓約
persistence堅持
enlist獲得(支持,幫助等)
eradicate連根拔除,根絕;消滅
ethical倫理的,道德的

17.5 p423-5

17.5 How do the major environmental worldviews differ?

What is an environmental worldview
1. def environmental worldviews, environmental ethic
2. different assumptions and values
3. human-centered worldview, life-centered worldview
4. base on environmental knowledge, understanding or moral, spirtual beliefs.

Most people have human-centered environmental worldviews
5. planetary management worldview
6. stewardship worldview
7. Biosphere 2
planetary 地球的,全球的
pervasive 普遍的
mischief 損害,傷害,危害
ingenuity 心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀
arrogant 傲慢的;自大的
inkling 略知
meadow草地
biosphere2--a lesson in humility
stock貯存
primate靈長類動物
unraveling破壞
suffocating令人窒息的
enclosure圈地;圍場
proliferated增殖
dooming毀滅,死亡
Some people have life-centered and earth-centerd environmental worldviews
8. inherent or intrinsic value of all forms of life
9. insturmental value
10. prevent degradation of the earth's ecsystems, biodiversity and bioshphere
11. environmental wisdom worldview

17.6 p425-8

17.6 How can we live more sustainably?

We can become more environmentally literate
1. key goals of seeking environmental literacy(7)
literacy: ability to read and write.
literacy: the quality or state of being literate.
(Webster):1.characterized by or possessed of learning.2.versed or immersed in literature or creative writing.3.well executed or technically proficient.
(Oxford):acquainted with letters or literature, educated, instructed, learned.
可見Literacy一詞狹義的意義只是指讀和寫的能力，而廣義的意義則包含了一個人受教的狀況以及一般的技能。我們認為，Literacy一詞，若譯為「識能」，當更能表現其涵義。隨著社會的演變，個人為適應社會生活所需具備的基本識能也有所不同，但我們可以將其概分為兩類。第一類為傳統的識能，即所謂conventional literacy，包括了讀、寫、算和辨識記號的基本能力。第二類為功能性的識能，即所謂functional literacy，意指個人為經營家庭和社會生活及從事經濟活動所需的基本技能；也可以定義為一個群體為其成員能達到其自我設定的目標而所需的基本能力【Lyman, 1990】。摘自:張一蕃:資訊時代之國民素養與教育
环境素养是人通过后天的学习而获得和形成的关于人类生存环境的知识、意识、行为的总和。人类的环境素养是随着其对人地关系认识的不断深入而发展的。不同历史时期人们的环境意识具有不同的特点。环境素养测评是随着环境保护运动兴起而产生的，环境素养测评要素主要涉及环境知识、环境态度和环境行为的测评。摘自:曾昭鹏(2004)环境素养的理论与测评研究——以高师学生环境素养测评为例
2. major components of environmental literacy(18)
3. ecological identity(4)
4. common mental traps(4)
literate文化素養
reverence敬愛,崇敬;敬畏
overfilled裝到滿溢
foster培養,促進
apathy冷淡;漠不關心
pessimism悲觀,悲觀情緒
technofixes技術性處理
paralysis停頓
trap陷阱
immobilizing使不動
despair絕望

We can learn from nature
5. the natural have economic, ecological, aesthetic, and spiritual value
6. not only lake of environmental literacy but also lake of intimacy with nature
7. our life is searching for roots(find a sense of place)
8. the green fire that burns in our harts(Aldo Leopold)
aesthetic美學的
intimacy熟悉;親密;親近
armor盔甲
insulate隔離;使孤立
kindle點燃;燃起
awe敬畏
mystery神祕的事物
teeming充滿的
bewildering使迷路
least最小的;最少的
heal治癒;使恢復健康
tap into進入

Some affluent people are choosing to live more simply
9. basic needs and wants
10. happiness
2006英國智庫「新經濟基金會」與環保組織「地球之友」發布「快樂星球指數（Happy PlanetIndex, HPI）」對全球178個國家及地區進行幸福與快樂排名。不富裕的太平洋島國萬那杜幸福快樂度排名第一；高所得國家排名反而落後；台灣排名第84位，高於香港第88位、南韓第102位及新加坡第131位，在亞洲四小龍中拿下第一。經建會分析，HPI調查結果顯示二個重要涵義，首先是國家富裕程度與人民幸福感覺，無強烈正相關關係，換句話說，富國未必幸福，窮國也未必不快樂。The Happy Planet Index is an innovative new measure that shows the ecological efficiency with which human well-being is delivered.It is the first ever index to combine environmental impact with human well-being to measure the environmental efficiency with which country by country, people live long and happy lives.
11. what most people really want is more community, not more stuff
12. voluntary simplicity (聖雄甘地 principle of enoughness)
13. religious leader and members of all faiths
meager 不足的;貧乏的
excessively 過度地
folly 愚蠢;愚笨
community共同社會;共同體
stuff 物品,東西
Mahatma Gandhi 聖雄甘地
abstain 避免;避開
acquisitiveness 利慾心
whosoever =whoever無論誰
craving渴望
sorrow悲痛,悲哀
downsizing縮減開支
ethic倫理

Some people are choosing to live more lightly on the earth
14. sustainability dozen-key ways
生產1公斤的肉=排放36.4公斤的二氧化碳
1人1天不吃肉=減少7公斤二氧化碳排放=1顆大樹(20年生喬木)半個月的減碳量
lightly少量地
aspect方面,觀點
plug把...塞住,堵塞

We can bring about a sustainability revolution during your lifetime
15. environmental or sustainability revolution
16. a. biodiversity protection, b. efficiency, c. energy transformation, d. pollution preventiion, e. sufficiency, f. demographic equilibrium, g. economic and poltical transformation
spun編造,虛構spin
marvelous非凡的;不可思議的
drain耗盡