17.2 p405-10

17.2How can we use economic tools to deal with environmental problems?

Most things cost a lot more than you might think
1. market price(raw material, labor, shipping, and profit) ,additional direct cost(operation cost). 並不包括 harmfull external costs 在生產, 銷售, 使用, 廢棄的過程引起環境,健康或其他損害所產生的成本.
2. 具隱藏性的 harmfull external cost will be paid sooner or latter.
3. exteranl cost的隱藏造成三種主要的衝擊 impact: a. hinder green goods and service development, b. promotes pollution and resource waste, c. environmental degradation.
markup漲價

Using environmental economic indicators can reduce our environmental impact
4.GPI(genuine progress indicator), Green GDP. 這些指標的重要性.
corporate公司
proporent擁護者
counter反擊
genuine真實的
steering掌舵
treacherous變化莫測的

We can include harmful environmental cost in the prices of goods and services
5.environmentally honest market system, full costs
6.why not used widely? a. many producer oppose, b.diffuclt to estimate, c.consumer knowledge
7. government action(certifying and labeling, subsidies, taxs, laws, tradable permits)
prod刺激
certifying證書(明)
levy徵收

Environmentally informed consumers can vote with their wallets
8.eco-labeling program, green seal labeling program.
9.consumer pressure.

we can reward environmentally sustainable business
10. pahse out environmentally harmful subsides and tax breaks, $2 trillion(兆) a year. 補貼鼓勵了不永續的資源waste浪費,depletion消耗, degradation降級. (採煤. 開礦. 伐木. 農業灌溉)
11.美國納稅人沒年付出$2500補貼+$1000汙染清除與環境惡化費用
12.因為經濟與政治上的利益使得這種補貼持續存在 甚至遊說反對對環境友善的競爭者的補貼.
13.subsidy shifts over two decades would encourage the rise of new environmentally beneficial business.

We can tax pollution and wastes instead of wages and profits
14.green taxs, eco-taxs
15.tax shifting from labor, income, and wealth to environmentally harmful activites.
16.green tax 成功三要素: a. 需要15-20 years給企業來計劃. b. reduce or replace income, payroll, or other taxes. c. safety net.
17.無法真正運行,主要是政治上的阻力:有害於經濟發展的說法(美). 15個歐洲國家開始已實施
green tax (waste disposal, air and water pollution, co2 emissions, energy consumption, and vehicles entering congested city)
18.歐洲15國的例子發現可增加工作機會.薪資降稅.有利環境技術發展增加競爭力.
penalize不利
payroll薪金
backward落後的,發展遲緩的
endorsed背書
regressive後退的

Enviromental laws and regulations can discourage or encourgae innovation
19.def regulation
20.command and control approach.
21.incentive-based regulations, innovation-friendly regulation. 經濟上企業上更有競爭力
22.近年許多公司企業產生轉變shareholder value (a good envrionmental record)
compliance順從 承諾
adversarial對抗
shareholder股東
incentive誘發
stewardship看管

We can use the marketplace to reduce pollution and resource waste
23.tradable pollution and resource-use permits (cap-and-trade approach)
marketplace市場
cap最高限度
destruction破壞

We can reduce pollution and resource waste by selling services instead of things
24. from material-flow economy to service-flow economy
25. Xerox from copy machines sell to doucment service. Carries form air condition to temperature provider. (coffee machine)
outright全部的
lease租賃
incinerator焚化爐
boost促進
carpet地毯
tile地磚