17-4(1)p415-9

17-4 How can we implement more sustainable and just environmental policies?

Dealing with environmnetal prolbems in democracies is not easy
1.def politics 何謂政治
2.environmental policy-- environmental laws, rules, regulations
3.def democracy 何謂民主 (constitutional democracy)
"Government of the people, by the people, and for the people，shall not perish from the earth." 為了緬懷南北戰爭陣亡的將士，1863年11月19日，美國總統（1861-1865）亞伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1965）在葛底斯堡國家公墓發表了熱情洋溢的演說。最早用到“民治、民有、民享”的說法的人是西元前四百多年古希臘的克萊翁（Cleon，？-422BC）將軍。他有一次向古希臘的市民發表講演，提到了“民治、民有、民享”的統治者的概念。
4.sepecial-interest groups( passing laws, developing budgets, and formulating regulations, elected and appointed goverment officials)
5.政府穩定與漸變的設計使得處理環境問題有些阻礙. 環境問題是複雜需要整合且需要長時間來處理. 此外政治人物對環境的運作, 生命.經濟.社會的支持並不了解.
constitutional democracy憲政民主
mandate授權
curb約束
advocate提倡
repeal廢除

Certain principles can guide us in making envrionmental policy
6.環境政策的八項原則 a. humility b. reversibility c. precautionary d. prevention e. polluter-pays f. public access and participation g. human rights h. environmental justice
hmiility謙虛

Individuals can influence environmental policy
7.如何影響環境政策 think globally, act locally
undue不正當的


Environmental leaders can make a big difference
8.provide environmental leadership in four ways: a.以身作則 b. 選舉 eco-friendly candidates, voting with our wallets, choose an environmental career c. run for some sort of local office d. propse and work for better solutions to environmental problems.
lead by example以身作則
office holder官員

Developing environmental policy is a controversial process
9.政府的功能在於提出與執行政策policy 來處理各種議題. 步驟有 a. law making b. get enough funds c. draw up regulations or rules for implementing
10.官商勾結的問題
controversial爭論的
exert運用
revolving door旋轉門條款

Case study-Managing public lands in United States--politics in action
11.聯邦政府管理35%的土地. national forest system, bureau of land management, U.S. fish and wildlife service, national park system, national wilderness preservation sytem
12.four principles should govern use of public lands: 保護生態為目標. 使用不能補貼或減稅. 使用的公平的補償. 使用者的完全責任.
13.反對者的態度與作為: 出售公有地. 削減聯邦基金. 砍老樹. 採礦與商業發展. 開礦使用費. 修改撤銷endengered species act. 重新定義溼地保護範圍. 避免個人與團體法律上的挑戰.
set aside閒置
waterfowl水禽
compensation補償
blocking阻礙
slash削減
royalty礦區使用費
repeal撤銷
override優先 超過

U.S. environmental laws and regulations are under attack
14.since 1980 weaken or repeal environmental laws and regulations.
15.three major groups: a. corporate leader, b. citizens, state and c. local government officials
16.環境議題轉變成不可見: climate change, biodiversity loss.
17.environmental law and regulatory agencies have been weakened by a combinatiion of excutive orders and congressional actions.
18.民意調查顯示80%的民眾支持環保規定 但不到10%的民眾認為環境是國家最重要的問題
repeal撤銷(決議等);廢除(法令等)
recent憤慨
unfunded mandate 權責不對等(沒錢的工作)
mobilizing動員
controversial有爭議的
stifling令人發悶的
dissent不同意
bipartisan兩個政黨
termite白蟻
crumble摧毀
undermine逐漸損害
ballot box選票箱