What is biodiversity and why is it important?
Biodiversity is a crucial part of the earth's natural capital
1. genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity, functional diversity, species diversity
2. biodiversity supplies us with food, wood, fibers, energy, and medicines.
3. biodiversity preserve the quality of the air and water, maintain the fertility of soil, dispose of wastes, and control populations of pests.
dispose處置,處理
white ukari(uakari) 白禿猴
flesh flower (rafflesia)大王花, 腐屍花, 萊佛士亞花
rotting腐爛,腐壞
slimy覆有黏泥(或黏液)的
Science focus- soil is the base of life on land
4. def soil (eroded rock, mineral nutrient, organic matter, water, air, living organism)提供植物營養,儲存與淨化水質,控制氣候.
5. mature soil conatin at least three horizontal layers (O=leaf litter枯枝落葉層, A=topsoil腐植質表土層, B=subsoil澱積層底土層, C=parent material風化層)
6. one centimeter of topsoil can take hundreds of years to form 但可以在數週或數月就流失或吹走如果我們將地表森林或植物清除使其沒有保護時
7. O , A horizon
decaying腐朽,腐爛
microscopic微小的
ecomposer分解者
fragment碎片,破片;斷片
particle微粒;顆粒
leaf litter枯枝落葉層
teem充滿,富於
draw up
stem莖,(樹)幹,(葉)柄
gravel砂礫,碎石
pores毛孔;氣孔;細孔
anchored使固定,繫住
trickle細細地流
plow犁
mole鼴鼠,錢鼠
millipede節肢動物
wood sorrel酢醬草(幸運草)
honey fungus蜜環菌
fern蕨類植物
moss苔蘚
lichen地衣
mite小蜘蛛,小蝨 ,螨
red earth mite(red velvet mites )紅絨蟎
nematode線蟲類
2008年3月31日 星期一
3.5 p50-53
What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and food webs
1. food chain(energy flow)
2. food web真實世間中大多消費者不只一種食物來源故食物鏈成為網狀
3. trophic level營養級
Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and food webs
1. food chain(energy flow)
2. food web真實世間中大多消費者不只一種食物來源故食物鏈成為網狀
3. trophic level營養級
caterpillar毛蟲
robin知更鳥
hawk鷹,隼
sperm whale 抹香鯨
crabeater seal食蟹海豹
elephant seal象海豹
Leopard seal 豹海豹
petrel 海燕
adelie penguin 阿德利企鵝
carnivorous肉食性的
plankton浮游生物
herbivorous食草的
zooplankton浮游動物
phytoplankton浮游植物
krill磷蝦
Usable energy decreases with each link in a food chain or web
4. def biomass生物量(the dry weight of all organic matter contained in its organisms)
5. ecological efficiency 2% to 40%, 10% is typical(熱力學第二定律)
6. pyramid of energy flow能量金字塔 (吃蔬果少吃肉可減碳)
7. food chains and webs rarely have more than four or five trophic levels
Some ecosystems produce plant matter faster than others do
8. gross primary porductivity (GPP)粗初級生產力, net primary productive(NPP)淨初級生產力=GPP-R(respiration)
9. human (1%)now use, waste, or destory about 20-32% of the earth's total potential NPP(承載量)
robin知更鳥
hawk鷹,隼
sperm whale 抹香鯨
crabeater seal食蟹海豹
elephant seal象海豹
Leopard seal 豹海豹
petrel 海燕
adelie penguin 阿德利企鵝
carnivorous肉食性的
plankton浮游生物
herbivorous食草的
zooplankton浮游動物
phytoplankton浮游植物
krill磷蝦
Usable energy decreases with each link in a food chain or web
4. def biomass生物量(the dry weight of all organic matter contained in its organisms)
5. ecological efficiency 2% to 40%, 10% is typical(熱力學第二定律)
6. pyramid of energy flow能量金字塔 (吃蔬果少吃肉可減碳)
7. food chains and webs rarely have more than four or five trophic levels
Some ecosystems produce plant matter faster than others do
8. gross primary porductivity (GPP)粗初級生產力, net primary productive(NPP)淨初級生產力=GPP-R(respiration)
9. human (1%)now use, waste, or destory about 20-32% of the earth's total potential NPP(承載量)
aerobic需氧的;有氧的
expense開支;經費
swamp林澤,mash草澤 A marsh is different from a swamp, which has a greater proportion of open water surface, and is generally deeper than a marsh. In North America, the term swamp is used for wetland dominated by trees rather than grasses and low herbs.
expense開支;經費
swamp林澤,mash草澤 A marsh is different from a swamp, which has a greater proportion of open water surface, and is generally deeper than a marsh. In North America, the term swamp is used for wetland dominated by trees rather than grasses and low herbs.
3.6 p54-59
What happens to matter in an ecosytem?
Matter cycles within ecosystems and in the biosphere
1. biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles養分循環(元素與化合物構成營養物質)
1-1. reserviors儲存地
Attila the Hun匈奴王
Water cycles through the biosphere
2. hydrologic cycle or water cycle 由太陽能所產生 84%的蒸發來自於海洋
3. 陸地上about 90% land water through transpiration蒸散 reachs the atmosphere
4. water is major medium for transporting nutrients in ecosystem
5. water purify process (natural renewal of water quality) (only about 0.024% earth water human can available)
6. human alter the water cycle
ends up結束
seep滲出;漏
replenish把...裝滿
sculptor雕刻家
alter改變
Science focus- water's unique properties
7. forces of attraction引力, 液態停留時間長(hydrogen bond氫鍵), changes temperature slowly, take a large amount of energy to evaporate water, dissolve ability溶解力, filter out UV radiation, capillary action毛細現象, water expands when it freezes結冰膨漲.
coolant冷卻劑
perspiration汗,汗水
tissue(動植物的)組織
flush沖洗
cleanser清潔劑
dilute稀釋
adhere黏附,緊黏
fracture使破裂;使斷裂
capillary毛細管
Carbon cycles through the bioshpere
8. 碳為碳水化合物.脂肪.蛋白質DNA及其他有機化合物的基本元素 碳的循環是以二氧化碳氣體型式循環
8-1. carbon dioxide is a key component of nautue's thermostate (0.038%)
9. phtotsynthesis 光合作用and aerobic respiration有氧呼吸
10. human altering the carbon cycle讓大量的二氧化碳進入大氣層
thermostat恆溫器
Nitrogen cycles through the biosphere: bacteria in action
11. nirtogen is the atmosphere's most abundant element (78%)
12. nitrogen gas cannot absorbed and used directly as a nutrient by multicellular plants or animals動植物無法直接吸收利用是蛋白質維他命核酸的主要元素
13. two nautral process convert or fix N2 into compounds. (electrical discharges, lightning放電,閃電)(nitrogen-fixing bacteria固氮菌產生氨ammonia及氨離子ammonia ions)
Matter cycles within ecosystems and in the biosphere
1. biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles養分循環(元素與化合物構成營養物質)
1-1. reserviors儲存地
Attila the Hun匈奴王
Water cycles through the biosphere
2. hydrologic cycle or water cycle 由太陽能所產生 84%的蒸發來自於海洋
3. 陸地上about 90% land water through transpiration蒸散 reachs the atmosphere
4. water is major medium for transporting nutrients in ecosystem
5. water purify process (natural renewal of water quality) (only about 0.024% earth water human can available)
6. human alter the water cycle
ends up結束
seep滲出;漏
replenish把...裝滿
sculptor雕刻家
alter改變
Science focus- water's unique properties
7. forces of attraction引力, 液態停留時間長(hydrogen bond氫鍵), changes temperature slowly, take a large amount of energy to evaporate water, dissolve ability溶解力, filter out UV radiation, capillary action毛細現象, water expands when it freezes結冰膨漲.
coolant冷卻劑
perspiration汗,汗水
tissue(動植物的)組織
flush沖洗
cleanser清潔劑
dilute稀釋
adhere黏附,緊黏
fracture使破裂;使斷裂
capillary毛細管
Carbon cycles through the bioshpere
8. 碳為碳水化合物.脂肪.蛋白質DNA及其他有機化合物的基本元素 碳的循環是以二氧化碳氣體型式循環
8-1. carbon dioxide is a key component of nautue's thermostate (0.038%)
9. phtotsynthesis 光合作用and aerobic respiration有氧呼吸
10. human altering the carbon cycle讓大量的二氧化碳進入大氣層
thermostat恆溫器
Nitrogen cycles through the biosphere: bacteria in action
11. nirtogen is the atmosphere's most abundant element (78%)
12. nitrogen gas cannot absorbed and used directly as a nutrient by multicellular plants or animals動植物無法直接吸收利用是蛋白質維他命核酸的主要元素
13. two nautral process convert or fix N2 into compounds. (electrical discharges, lightning放電,閃電)(nitrogen-fixing bacteria固氮菌產生氨ammonia及氨離子ammonia ions)
閃電固氮
氮是相當不活潑的分子，但是一道閃電的能量可讓氮與氧直接反應而生成氮氧化合物──主要有一氧化氮及二氧化氮。只要一下雨就將這些化合物從大氣中沖刷下來，形成稀硝酸，到達泥土中就轉為硝酸鹽。
生物固氮作用Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) occurs when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by a pair of bacterial enzymes called nitrogenase.[1]The formula for BNF is:
14. 將氨轉化的過程稱nitrification硝化作用,有兩個步驟 nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽(毒性) then nitrate ions硝酸鹽，後者容易被植物根部吸收，用來製造胺基酸、蛋白質、核甘酸、維他命。
含氮廢棄物分解
15. ammonification氨化作用是分解作用土壤細菌將含氮有機化合物轉為簡單得無機含氮化合物如氨或氨離子。
16. denitrification反硝化作用(脫氮作用)反硝化细菌在缺氧条件下，还原氨與氨離子（硝酸鹽）成氮與氮離子，最後释放出氣態的氮（N2）或一氧化二氮（N2O）的过程。
17. human intervene the nitrogen cycle in serveal ways(如使用肥料及化石燃料.畜牧業) cause nitrogen overload 氮污染(優養化(eutrophication).酸沉降.硝酸氮的濃度如果太高，作物就會呈現「過肥現象」. 亞硝酸氮是不同含氮型態中毒性最高的，進入人體會引發癌症.)
unreactive化學上惰性
algae水藻,海藻
cyanobacteria
excrete排泄;分泌
ammonia氨 NO3
nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽NO2-
nitrate ions硝酸鹽NO3-
cast-off放出
waterlogged水浸的,水澇的
bog沼澤,泥塘
overload超載;超負荷
Phosphorus cycles through the biosphere
18. phosphorus磷 cycle through water, the earth's crust, and living organism. does not include the atmosphere, the cycle is slow compare other cycles.主要儲存形式為磷酸鹽為岩層中或在海底沉積
19. phosphorous is a component of biologically important molecules such as nucleic acid核酸, 粒線體ADP and ATP, vertebrate bones and teeth脊椎動物硬骨及牙齒.
20. 大多土地缺乏磷 固成為limiting factor for plant growth both land and fresh water
phosphate salt磷酸鹽
21. 人類干擾 磷肥造成水中含磷過多造成優養化 熱帶伐林造成土壤磷減少
upset打亂,攪亂
15. ammonification氨化作用是分解作用土壤細菌將含氮有機化合物轉為簡單得無機含氮化合物如氨或氨離子。
16. denitrification反硝化作用(脫氮作用)反硝化细菌在缺氧条件下，还原氨與氨離子（硝酸鹽）成氮與氮離子，最後释放出氣態的氮（N2）或一氧化二氮（N2O）的过程。
17. human intervene the nitrogen cycle in serveal ways(如使用肥料及化石燃料.畜牧業) cause nitrogen overload 氮污染(優養化(eutrophication).酸沉降.硝酸氮的濃度如果太高，作物就會呈現「過肥現象」. 亞硝酸氮是不同含氮型態中毒性最高的，進入人體會引發癌症.)
unreactive化學上惰性
algae水藻,海藻
cyanobacteria
excrete排泄;分泌
ammonia氨 NO3
nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽NO2-
nitrate ions硝酸鹽NO3-
cast-off放出
waterlogged水浸的,水澇的
bog沼澤,泥塘
overload超載;超負荷
Phosphorus cycles through the biosphere
18. phosphorus磷 cycle through water, the earth's crust, and living organism. does not include the atmosphere, the cycle is slow compare other cycles.主要儲存形式為磷酸鹽為岩層中或在海底沉積
19. phosphorous is a component of biologically important molecules such as nucleic acid核酸, 粒線體ADP and ATP, vertebrate bones and teeth脊椎動物硬骨及牙齒.
20. 大多土地缺乏磷 固成為limiting factor for plant growth both land and fresh water
phosphate salt磷酸鹽
21. 人類干擾 磷肥造成水中含磷過多造成優養化 熱帶伐林造成土壤磷減少
upset打亂,攪亂
3.7 p59-61
How do scientists study ecosystems?
Some scientists study nature directly
1. field research, laboratory research, mathematical and other models
Some scientists study nature directly
1. field research, laboratory research, mathematical and other models
2. field research (muddy-boots biology泥靴生物學)
3. GIS software
trek艱苦跋涉
wade涉水而行
erect豎起的
crane起重機,吊車
stretch伸直;伸出
canopy頂篷;罩
composite合成的,複合的
gauge測量儀器
buoy浮標,浮筒
Some scientists study ecosystems in the laboratory
3. carry out controlled experiments
culture tube培養試管
chamber房間
catch隱藏的困難
couple with與...聯繫起來
Some scientists use models to simulate ecosystems
4. mathematical and other models that simulate ecosystem
5. baseline data and key variables
We need to learn more about the health of the world's ecosystem
6. baseline data
massive program大量的,大規模的計劃方案
trek艱苦跋涉
wade涉水而行
erect豎起的
crane起重機,吊車
stretch伸直;伸出
canopy頂篷;罩
composite合成的,複合的
gauge測量儀器
buoy浮標,浮筒
Some scientists study ecosystems in the laboratory
3. carry out controlled experiments
culture tube培養試管
chamber房間
catch隱藏的困難
couple with與...聯繫起來
Some scientists use models to simulate ecosystems
4. mathematical and other models that simulate ecosystem
5. baseline data and key variables
We need to learn more about the health of the world's ecosystem
6. baseline data
massive program大量的,大規模的計劃方案
2008年3月30日 星期日
3.2 p42-44
3.2 What keeps us and other organisms alive?
The earth's life-support system has four major components
1. four main spherical system: atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere地圈, biosphere.
2. liquid water, ice, water vaper
3. core, mantle, crust. def lithosphere
4. the goal of ecology is to understand the interaction in the biosphere(air, water, soil, and organisms)
spherical球的;球面的
envelope氣囊
methane甲烷,沼氣
stretching使延伸
sunscreen遮光劑
permafrost永久凍土(層)
Life exits on land and in water
5. classified the terrestrail portion of the biosphere into biomes(forests, deserts, and grasslands)
6. classified the watery parts of the biosphere into aquatic life zone(freshwater life zones, marine life zones)
biome最大的地理生物單位，對環境條件有相似要求的植物和動物的大群落。包括不同的生物群落和群落的各個發展階段，並按占優勢的植被類型命名，如草原或針葉林。若干類似的生物群落組成一個生物群落類型，如溫帶落葉林生物群落類型包括亞洲、歐洲和北美洲的落葉林生物群落。在歐洲，對生物群落的標準用詞是「大生活帶」（major life zone）。-大英簡明百科
terrestrial陸地的
biome生物社會
The earth's life-support system has four major components
1. four main spherical system: atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere地圈, biosphere.
2. liquid water, ice, water vaper
3. core, mantle, crust. def lithosphere
4. the goal of ecology is to understand the interaction in the biosphere(air, water, soil, and organisms)
spherical球的;球面的
envelope氣囊
methane甲烷,沼氣
stretching使延伸
sunscreen遮光劑
permafrost永久凍土(層)
Life exits on land and in water
5. classified the terrestrail portion of the biosphere into biomes(forests, deserts, and grasslands)
6. classified the watery parts of the biosphere into aquatic life zone(freshwater life zones, marine life zones)
biome最大的地理生物單位，對環境條件有相似要求的植物和動物的大群落。包括不同的生物群落和群落的各個發展階段，並按占優勢的植被類型命名，如草原或針葉林。若干類似的生物群落組成一個生物群落類型，如溫帶落葉林生物群落類型包括亞洲、歐洲和北美洲的落葉林生物群落。在歐洲，對生物群落的標準用詞是「大生活帶」（major life zone）。-大英簡明百科
terrestrial陸地的
biome生物社會
39th parallel緯度39度
spanning橫跨
scrub灌木叢
prairie大草原
Three factors sustain life on earth
7. the oneway flow of high-energy form the sun.(the first and second law of thermodynamatics)
8. the cycling of matter or nutrients (the law of conservation of matter)
9. gravity
enable使能夠
What happens to solar energy reaching the earth?
10. 1% incoming energy generates winds
11. less than 0.1% income energy produce nutrients through photosynthesis.
12. natural greenhouse effect, human-enhanced global warming. (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone)
immense巨大的
helium氦
vastness廣闊;龐大
flesh肉
nitrous氮的
intercepted攔截
spanning橫跨
scrub灌木叢
prairie大草原
Three factors sustain life on earth
7. the oneway flow of high-energy form the sun.(the first and second law of thermodynamatics)
8. the cycling of matter or nutrients (the law of conservation of matter)
9. gravity
enable使能夠
What happens to solar energy reaching the earth?
10. 1% incoming energy generates winds
11. less than 0.1% income energy produce nutrients through photosynthesis.
12. natural greenhouse effect, human-enhanced global warming. (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone)
immense巨大的
helium氦
vastness廣闊;龐大
flesh肉
nitrous氮的
intercepted攔截
3.3 p44-47
3.3 What are the major components of an ecosystem?
Ecosystems have living and noliving components
1. two type of components make up the biosphyere: abiotic and biotic
2. range of tolerance
Several abiotic factors can limit population growth
3. limiting factors, on land limiting factor principle(precipitation, soil nutrients, water, fertilizer, temperature)
4. aquatic life zine the limiting factors(temperature, sunlight, nutrient, oxygen, salinity)
phosphorus磷
potassium鉀
salinity鹽度
Producers, consumers, and decomposers are the living components of ecosystems
5. def feeding level, or trophic lever 營養級
6. producers(autotrophs自養生物, self-feeders), green plants, phytoplankton, photosynthesis.
7. consumers(heterotrophs, other-feeders)
8. primary consumer(herbivores), secondary consumer(carnivores食肉動物), third consumer(higher-level consumers), omnivores.雜食動物
9. decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
10. detritus feeder(detritivores)
11. aerobic需氧的 respiration
12. anaerobic respiration(fermentation發酵)
feed on以...為食物
secreting分泌
enzyme酵素
mite小蝨
scavenger食腐動物
vulture禿鷹
hordes一大群
remain剩下,餘留
ethyl alcohol乙醇,酒精
acetic acid乙酸,醋酸
vinegar醋
fungus菌類植物
long-horned beetle天牛
bark beetle小蠹蟲
engraving雕刻
carpenter ant木蟻
gallery地道;橫坑道
termite 白蟻
dry rot fungus惟乾腐菌
Energy flow and nutrient recycling sustain ecosystems
13. one-way energy flow from the sun and nutrient recycling
14. decomposers and detritus feeders食腐質，食碎屑生物 complete the cycling of matter
Ecosystems have living and noliving components
1. two type of components make up the biosphyere: abiotic and biotic
2. range of tolerance
Several abiotic factors can limit population growth
3. limiting factors, on land limiting factor principle(precipitation, soil nutrients, water, fertilizer, temperature)
4. aquatic life zine the limiting factors(temperature, sunlight, nutrient, oxygen, salinity)
phosphorus磷
potassium鉀
salinity鹽度
Producers, consumers, and decomposers are the living components of ecosystems
5. def feeding level, or trophic lever 營養級
6. producers(autotrophs自養生物, self-feeders), green plants, phytoplankton, photosynthesis.
7. consumers(heterotrophs, other-feeders)
8. primary consumer(herbivores), secondary consumer(carnivores食肉動物), third consumer(higher-level consumers), omnivores.雜食動物
9. decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
10. detritus feeder(detritivores)
11. aerobic需氧的 respiration
12. anaerobic respiration(fermentation發酵)
feed on以...為食物
secreting分泌
enzyme酵素
mite小蝨
scavenger食腐動物
vulture禿鷹
hordes一大群
remain剩下,餘留
ethyl alcohol乙醇,酒精
acetic acid乙酸,醋酸
vinegar醋
fungus菌類植物
long-horned beetle天牛
bark beetle小蠹蟲
engraving雕刻
carpenter ant木蟻
gallery地道;橫坑道
termite 白蟻
dry rot fungus惟乾腐菌
Energy flow and nutrient recycling sustain ecosystems
13. one-way energy flow from the sun and nutrient recycling
14. decomposers and detritus feeders食腐質，食碎屑生物 complete the cycling of matter
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