3.3 p44-47

3.3 What are the major components of an ecosystem?

Ecosystems have living and noliving components
1. two type of components make up the biosphyere: abiotic and biotic
2. range of tolerance

Several abiotic factors can limit population growth
3. limiting factors, on land limiting factor principle(precipitation, soil nutrients, water, fertilizer, temperature)
4. aquatic life zine the limiting factors(temperature, sunlight, nutrient, oxygen, salinity)
phosphorus磷
potassium鉀
salinity鹽度

Producers, consumers, and decomposers are the living components of ecosystems
5. def feeding level, or trophic lever 營養級
6. producers(autotrophs自養生物, self-feeders), green plants, phytoplankton, photosynthesis.
7. consumers(heterotrophs, other-feeders)
8. primary consumer(herbivores), secondary consumer(carnivores食肉動物), third consumer(higher-level consumers), omnivores.雜食動物
9. decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
10. detritus feeder(detritivores)
11. aerobic需氧的 respiration
12. anaerobic respiration(fermentation發酵)
feed on以...為食物
secreting分泌
enzyme酵素
mite小蝨
scavenger食腐動物
vulture禿鷹
hordes一大群
remain剩下,餘留
ethyl alcohol乙醇,酒精
acetic acid乙酸,醋酸
vinegar醋
fungus菌類植物
long-horned beetle天牛
bark beetle小蠹蟲
engraving雕刻
carpenter ant木蟻
gallery地道;橫坑道
termite 白蟻
dry rot fungus惟乾腐菌

Energy flow and nutrient recycling sustain ecosystems
13. one-way energy flow from the sun and nutrient recycling
14. decomposers and detritus feeders食腐質，食碎屑生物 complete the cycling of matter