5.4 What are the major types of aquatic systems?
Most of the earth is covered with water
1.four ocean: Atlantic, Arctic ocean北冰洋, Pacific, and Indian ocean. (five oceans: + southern ocean南冰洋)
2.aquatic life zone are classified into two major types: saltwater and freshwater
precious貴重的,寶貴的
film薄層;薄膜
equivalent相等的,相同的
Most aquatic species live in top, middle, or bottom layers of water
3.several types of organisms: plankton浮游生物(phytoplankton, zooplankton), nekton游行動物, benthos底生生物, decomposers.
4.surface, middle, and bottom layer. limit factors: temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen content, and availbaility of nutrients.
dweller居民
barnacle藤壺
spot地點
worm蟲,蠕蟲
burrow洞穴,地道
euphotic zone光亮帶, 水之最上層
marine snow海雪
2008年5月12日 星期一
5-5p94-99
5-5What are the major ocean zones and how have we affected them?
Oecans provide important ecological and economic resources
oceans provide many important ecological and economic services.
pharmaceutical製藥
Most of the ecological action takes place in the coastal zone
1.oceans have three major life zones: coastal zone, open sea, and ocean bottom.
1.1coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, shorelines, and coral reefs have a high NPP per unit of area.
euphotic透光層 zone,
bathyal半深海zone,
abyssal深淵 zone
Estuaries and coastal wetlands are highly productive
2.estuaries, where rivers meet the sea
3.costal wetlands, land areas covered with water all or part of the year (包括river mouths, inlets水灣;小灣,bays, sounds海峽, salt marshes, mangrove forests)
3.1 coastal aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services.(filter toxic, reduce storm damage and coast erosion...)
excess過量,過剩
plume羽狀物
Living with the tides: rocky and sandy sores have different types of organisms
4.intertidal zone潮間帶
5.rocky shores and sandy shores
6.barrier beaches generally have one or more rows of natural sand dunes
pound猛擊
swept(sweep)沖走
crush壓碎,壓壞
barrier beach濱外沙埂; 障礙海灘
crustacean甲殼綱動物
ravages毀滅
anemone海葵
hermit 隱士crab
periwinkle玉黍螺
mussel珠蚌,河蚌
barnacle藤壺
sea lettuce萵苣
kelp海草;巨藻
monterey flatworm扁蟲
nudibranch裸鰓類動物
sculpin牛尾魚類;杜父魚
sea urchin海膽
Coral reefs are dazzling centers of aquatic biodiversity
7.mutually beneficial relationship between the polyps and the single-celled algae called zooxanthellae共生藻類(珊瑚的食物是珊瑚蟲體內的一種共生藻類製造的醣類，而這種藻類對溫度很敏感，當海水溫度升高攝氏三、四度，共生藻就無法製造珊瑚蟲所需的食物，進而造成珊瑚白化死亡。)
8.coral reefs ecological services and economic services
9.coral reefs are vulnerable to damage, temperature, acidity water
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
stunningly令人震驚地
polyp珊瑚蟲;水螅蟲
secrete分泌
elaborate精巧的
crevices裂縫,裂隙
moderate使和緩,減輕
molecules分子
antibiotic抗生素,抗菌素
ledge岩架,岩石突出部
condominium各戶有獨立產權的公寓(大廈)
In the open sea, light rules
10.according penetration of sunlight open ocean can distinguish three layers, brightly lit surface layer, dimly lit middle layer, dark bottom zone.
11.euphotic zone is brightly lit upper zone, 40% world's photosynthetic activity, nutrient levels are low, dissolved oxygen are high.
12.bathyal zone is the dimly lit middle zone
13.abyssal zone is dark and cold, little dissolved oxygen, teeming充滿的 with life
14.NPP
lit(light)照亮
predatory食肉的
Human activities are disrupting and degrading marine systems
trawler拖網漁船
bleaching白化
Oecans provide important ecological and economic resources
oceans provide many important ecological and economic services.
pharmaceutical製藥
Most of the ecological action takes place in the coastal zone
1.oceans have three major life zones: coastal zone, open sea, and ocean bottom.
1.1coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, shorelines, and coral reefs have a high NPP per unit of area.
euphotic透光層 zone,
bathyal半深海zone,
abyssal深淵 zone
Estuaries and coastal wetlands are highly productive
2.estuaries, where rivers meet the sea
3.costal wetlands, land areas covered with water all or part of the year (包括river mouths, inlets水灣;小灣,bays, sounds海峽, salt marshes, mangrove forests)
3.1 coastal aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services.(filter toxic, reduce storm damage and coast erosion...)
excess過量,過剩
plume羽狀物
Living with the tides: rocky and sandy sores have different types of organisms
4.intertidal zone潮間帶
5.rocky shores and sandy shores
6.barrier beaches generally have one or more rows of natural sand dunes
pound猛擊
swept(sweep)沖走
crush壓碎,壓壞
barrier beach濱外沙埂; 障礙海灘
crustacean甲殼綱動物
ravages毀滅
anemone海葵
hermit 隱士crab
periwinkle玉黍螺
mussel珠蚌,河蚌
barnacle藤壺
sea lettuce萵苣
kelp海草;巨藻
monterey flatworm扁蟲
nudibranch裸鰓類動物
sculpin牛尾魚類;杜父魚
sea urchin海膽
Coral reefs are dazzling centers of aquatic biodiversity
7.mutually beneficial relationship between the polyps and the single-celled algae called zooxanthellae共生藻類(珊瑚的食物是珊瑚蟲體內的一種共生藻類製造的醣類，而這種藻類對溫度很敏感，當海水溫度升高攝氏三、四度，共生藻就無法製造珊瑚蟲所需的食物，進而造成珊瑚白化死亡。)
8.coral reefs ecological services and economic services
9.coral reefs are vulnerable to damage, temperature, acidity water
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
stunningly令人震驚地
polyp珊瑚蟲;水螅蟲
secrete分泌
elaborate精巧的
crevices裂縫,裂隙
moderate使和緩,減輕
molecules分子
antibiotic抗生素,抗菌素
ledge岩架,岩石突出部
condominium各戶有獨立產權的公寓(大廈)
In the open sea, light rules
10.according penetration of sunlight open ocean can distinguish three layers, brightly lit surface layer, dimly lit middle layer, dark bottom zone.
11.euphotic zone is brightly lit upper zone, 40% world's photosynthetic activity, nutrient levels are low, dissolved oxygen are high.
12.bathyal zone is the dimly lit middle zone
13.abyssal zone is dark and cold, little dissolved oxygen, teeming充滿的 with life
14.NPP
lit(light)照亮
predatory食肉的
Human activities are disrupting and degrading marine systems
trawler拖網漁船
bleaching白化
5-6p100-103
5.6 What are the major types of freshwater systems and how have we affected them?
Water stands in some freshwater systems and flows in others
1.freshwater life zones include standing不流動的 and flowing systems
Lakes are depressions凹地,漥地 filled with freshwater
2.deep lakes normally consist of four distinct zones that define by depth and distance form shore, littoral沿岸的 zone(high biodiversity), limnetic透光層 zone(main photosynthetic body), profundal 深底的zone(without sunlight and plants, oxygen levels are low), benthic水底的 zone(it is nourished)
seepage滲流
drain排出
sunlit陽光照射的
cattail香蒲
Some lakes have more nutrients than others
3.ecologists classify lakes according to their nutrient content and primary productivity. oligotrophic 營養不足的lake(deep,crystal-clear water and a low NPP), eutrophic營養的 lake (shallow, murky陰鬱的 brown or green water, hith NPP), mesotrophic中營養的 lake
4.cultural eutrophication培養優養化
cloud使混濁
mat叢,簇,團[(+of)]
cyanobacteria藍綠藻
Freshwater streams and rivers carry water from the mountains to the oceans
5.surface water, runoff
6.watershed, drainage basin
7.three aquatic life zones: source zone, transition zone, floodplain zone.
8.coastal deltas, wetlands,and inland floodplains
canyon峽谷
low-lying低窪的
bordering area 接壤地區
Freshwater inland wetlands are vital sponges
9.inland wetland (marshes, swamps, prairie pothole洞坑, floodplains, and wet arctic tundra)
10.seasonal wetland use the composition of the soil or the presence of certain plants to determined.
11.provide wildlife habitats, filter toxic wastes, reduce flooding and erosion, replenish stream flows and recharge groundwater aquifers, recreational opportunities.
soggy潮濕的
bottomland窪地
cattail香蒲
bulrush蘆葦
red maple紅槭
shellfish貝
cranberries小紅莓
Human activities are disrupting and degrading freshwater systems
12. four major way :a. dams, and canals, b. flood control levees and dikes, c. city and farmland,
d. drained or filled.
Historically a dike (海堤)is used to divert or restain flood water from tidal bodies of water such as the system of dikes which protect the Netherlands. A levee (河堤), on the other hand, diverts or restains flood waters from streams and lakes, such as the system of levees which protect cities along the Mississippi River.
Water stands in some freshwater systems and flows in others
1.freshwater life zones include standing不流動的 and flowing systems
Lakes are depressions凹地,漥地 filled with freshwater
2.deep lakes normally consist of four distinct zones that define by depth and distance form shore, littoral沿岸的 zone(high biodiversity), limnetic透光層 zone(main photosynthetic body), profundal 深底的zone(without sunlight and plants, oxygen levels are low), benthic水底的 zone(it is nourished)
seepage滲流
drain排出
sunlit陽光照射的
cattail香蒲
Some lakes have more nutrients than others
3.ecologists classify lakes according to their nutrient content and primary productivity. oligotrophic 營養不足的lake(deep,crystal-clear water and a low NPP), eutrophic營養的 lake (shallow, murky陰鬱的 brown or green water, hith NPP), mesotrophic中營養的 lake
4.cultural eutrophication培養優養化
cloud使混濁
mat叢,簇,團[(+of)]
cyanobacteria藍綠藻
Freshwater streams and rivers carry water from the mountains to the oceans
5.surface water, runoff
6.watershed, drainage basin
7.three aquatic life zones: source zone, transition zone, floodplain zone.
8.coastal deltas, wetlands,and inland floodplains
canyon峽谷
low-lying低窪的
bordering area 接壤地區
Freshwater inland wetlands are vital sponges
9.inland wetland (marshes, swamps, prairie pothole洞坑, floodplains, and wet arctic tundra)
10.seasonal wetland use the composition of the soil or the presence of certain plants to determined.
11.provide wildlife habitats, filter toxic wastes, reduce flooding and erosion, replenish stream flows and recharge groundwater aquifers, recreational opportunities.
soggy潮濕的
bottomland窪地
cattail香蒲
bulrush蘆葦
red maple紅槭
shellfish貝
cranberries小紅莓
Human activities are disrupting and degrading freshwater systems
12. four major way :a. dams, and canals, b. flood control levees and dikes, c. city and farmland,
d. drained or filled.
Historically a dike (海堤)is used to divert or restain flood water from tidal bodies of water such as the system of dikes which protect the Netherlands. A levee (河堤), on the other hand, diverts or restains flood waters from streams and lakes, such as the system of levees which protect cities along the Mississippi River.
2008年5月11日 星期日
5.1p75-80
5.Climate and biodiversity
Core case study-- blowing in the wind: connections between wind, climate, and biomes
1.the important of wind. the goodside: temperature, nutrients(phosphate, iron). the downside: dust storm, harmful substances(reddish-brown soil紅棕鈣土, pesticides殺蟲劑, fungi), toxic algal bloom(red tide), long-lived air pollutant污染物, smog.
unbearably不能忍受地
canopy頂篷
minute微小的
SUV (sport utility vehicle)
crust外殼
outbreak爆發
shellfish貝;甲殼類動物
paralyzed使麻痺
intensify加強,增強
5.1 What factors influence climate?
Core case study-- blowing in the wind: connections between wind, climate, and biomes
1.the important of wind. the goodside: temperature, nutrients(phosphate, iron). the downside: dust storm, harmful substances(reddish-brown soil紅棕鈣土, pesticides殺蟲劑, fungi), toxic algal bloom(red tide), long-lived air pollutant污染物, smog.
unbearably不能忍受地
canopy頂篷
minute微小的
SUV (sport utility vehicle)
crust外殼
outbreak爆發
shellfish貝;甲殼類動物
paralyzed使麻痺
intensify加強,增強
5.1 What factors influence climate?
weather
climate
average temperature
average precipitation
latitude
elevation
cell
prevailing wind
current
density
ENSO
The earth have many different climates
2. different weather(short-term) and climate(general pattern)-temperature and precipitation
3. climate relate factor: latitude and elevation
humorist幽默作家
Global air circulation and ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly
4. three factors determine how air circulates in the atmosphere: a.uneven heating, b. rotation of the earth on its axis, c. properties of air, water, and land.
5. prevailing winds, six giant convection 對流cells( Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, polar cell)
6. currents洋流 北半球順時針 南半球反時針 help mix ocean water and distribute nutrients and dissolved oyxgen
7. heat is also distributed to the different parts of the ocean and mix vertically
8. ocean and atmosphere are strongly linked in two ways: ocean currents are affected by wind, heat from the ocean affects atmosphere circulations
9. ENSO (El Nino-- Southern Oscillation)
slanted斜的
deflected使偏斜;使轉向
bulk大部分
conveyer belt傳送帶
2. different weather(short-term) and climate(general pattern)-temperature and precipitation
3. climate relate factor: latitude and elevation
humorist幽默作家
Global air circulation and ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly
4. three factors determine how air circulates in the atmosphere: a.uneven heating, b. rotation of the earth on its axis, c. properties of air, water, and land.
5. prevailing winds, six giant convection 對流cells( Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, polar cell)
6. currents洋流 北半球順時針 南半球反時針 help mix ocean water and distribute nutrients and dissolved oyxgen
7. heat is also distributed to the different parts of the ocean and mix vertically
8. ocean and atmosphere are strongly linked in two ways: ocean currents are affected by wind, heat from the ocean affects atmosphere circulations
9. ENSO (El Nino-- Southern Oscillation)
slanted斜的
deflected使偏斜;使轉向
bulk大部分
conveyer belt傳送帶
Greehouse gases warm the lower atmosphere
10. greenhouse gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide.
nitrous oxide一氧化二氮, 氧化亞氮
The earth's surface feature affect local climates
11. water and land different absorbed and released heat
12.topographic features: mountains (windward slop/leeward slop)
13. rain shadow effect can formation desert (Mt Whitney and Death valley)
14. cities also create distinct microclimates
suck up吸收
asphalt瀝青;柏油
haze霾,薄霧
5.2p80-90
5.2 How does climate affect the nature and location of biomes?
Climate affects where organisms can live
1.deserts, glasslands, and forests casued by global air circulation
2.def. biomes, patch
Patch斑塊：指可以作為同質處理的土地單位，具有生態系統的特性，其空間尺度通常為10-100m(100-10000m2)
UCMP的線上資料-The world's biomes
herbs草本植物
lichens地衣
mosses苔蘚
coniferous結毬果的
deciduous落葉性的
There are three major types of desert
3.tropical deserts, Shara (27N)and Namib(25S)
4.temperate desert, Mojave(加州內華達州35N)
5.cold desert, Gobi desert (44N)
5.1 fig5-10 tropical seasonal forest熱帶季節林, scrubland硬葉灌叢帶, savanna疏林草原, chaparral常綠密生灌木叢
baking烘焙,烘烤
roast烤,炙
shiver發抖,打顫
strewn (strew)鋪蓋
sparse稀疏的
shrub矮樹;灌木
Science focus-- staying alive in the desert
6.beat the heat and every drop of water counts
7.drop(no) leaves, fleshy多肉的 tissue, pores 氣孔open only at night, deep roots or widely spread roots, wax-coated leaves or needles, store in seeds.
8.small, dormant冬眠的;休眠的, dense hair, does not sweat, water store in fat(動,植物)脂肪, dthick outer covering, dry feces 排泄物, dried concentrate of urine尿
cacti(cactus)仙人掌
mesquite豆科灌木
creosote木焦油灌木
dormant 冬眠的;休眠的
succulent【植】肉質的
spine(動、植物的)刺,針
precious珍貴的
germinate發芽;生長
carpet地毯
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
beat打敗
burrow洞穴,地道
crevice裂縫,裂隙
kangaroo rat
There are three major types of glasslands
9.seasonal drought, grazing by large herbivores, occasional fires
10.tropical grassland, savanna, niches
11.temperate grassland, aboveground parts of most of the grasses die (or fire), tall-grass prairies and short-grass prairies, winds and fires hindering tree growth. have fertile soil transfor growing crops and grazing cattle.
低草型草原short grassland：草層高度在50 cm以下的草原。高草型草地grassland of tallgrass type ：草高80 cm或100 cm以上的草地。
12.cold grassland or arctic tundra, thick, spongy mat of low-growing plants.
13.permafrost
14.alpine tundra
clump樹叢
acacia刺槐
thorns刺,棘
grazing吃草
browsing吃葉(或嫩枝)
hoofed有蹄的
wildebeest牛羚
gazelle瞪羚
giraffe長頸鹿
anteople羚羊
hyena鬣狗,土狼
shoot幼芽,幼枝
stems莖
tap (為抽液而作的)穿刺
ice cap冰帽,冰蓋
scant少量的
carpet地毯
spongy海綿狀的
mat地蓆;草蓆
dwarf侏儒
consecutive連貫的
soaking浸泡
bog沼澤,泥塘
waterlogged水澇的
horde群;一大群
colonies集群;群體
waterfowl水鳥;水禽
musk ox麝香牛
lemming旅鼠(北極產)
caribou北美馴鹿
scars疤;傷痕
There are three major types of forest
15.tropical rain forest, broadleaf evergreen plants, draped with vines(lianas), cover 2% of the earth's land surface, contain at least half of the known terrestrial species, niches in distinct layers, decompose quickly, most nutrients are in tree.
16.temperate deciduous forest, dominated by a few species of broadleaf deciduous trees, slow rate of decomposition.
17.evergreen coniferous forest, boreal forest and taiga, dominated by a few species of coniferous evergreen trees, high soil acidity, contain a variety of wildlife.
18.coastal coniferous forests or temperate rain forests, ample rainfall or moisture form dense ocean fogs.
boreal北極的
laden裝滿的
illumination照明,照亮
dim微暗的
greenish微綠的
drape覆蓋
vines藤,藤蔓
liana藤本植物
teeming充滿的
hickory山胡桃屬植物
maple槭樹,楓樹
poplar白楊
beech山毛櫸
dormant冬眠的;休眠的
array大量
Sierra 內華達山脈正確的說法是「the Sierra Nevada」，或簡稱為「the Sierra」
spruce雲杉
fir冷杉
cedar西洋杉
hemlock鐵杉
pine松樹
conifer針葉樹
acidity酸性;酸度
lynx山貓
burrow洞穴,地道
rodent齧齒目動物
warbler鳴禽
caterpillar毛蟲,蠋(蝶、蛾的幼蟲)
sitka spruce 錫特卡雲杉
Harpy eagle哈比鷹
Toco toucan托科巨嘴鳥
Wooly opossum負鼠
Brazilian tapir貘(ㄇㄛˋ)
Black-crowned antpitta蟻鶇(dong ㄉㄨㄥ)
Mountains play important ecological roles
19. play important ecological roles, habitats(endemic species, sanctuaries), regulate climate, hydrologic cycle.
freestanding獨立式的
sanctuary庇護所,避難所
fate命運
Climate affects where organisms can live
1.deserts, glasslands, and forests casued by global air circulation
2.def. biomes, patch
Patch斑塊：指可以作為同質處理的土地單位，具有生態系統的特性，其空間尺度通常為10-100m(100-10000m2)
UCMP的線上資料-The world's biomes
herbs草本植物
lichens地衣
mosses苔蘚
coniferous結毬果的
deciduous落葉性的
There are three major types of desert
3.tropical deserts, Shara (27N)and Namib(25S)
4.temperate desert, Mojave(加州內華達州35N)
5.cold desert, Gobi desert (44N)
5.1 fig5-10 tropical seasonal forest熱帶季節林, scrubland硬葉灌叢帶, savanna疏林草原, chaparral常綠密生灌木叢
baking烘焙,烘烤
roast烤,炙
shiver發抖,打顫
strewn (strew)鋪蓋
sparse稀疏的
shrub矮樹;灌木
Science focus-- staying alive in the desert
6.beat the heat and every drop of water counts
7.drop(no) leaves, fleshy多肉的 tissue, pores 氣孔open only at night, deep roots or widely spread roots, wax-coated leaves or needles, store in seeds.
8.small, dormant冬眠的;休眠的, dense hair, does not sweat, water store in fat(動,植物)脂肪, dthick outer covering, dry feces 排泄物, dried concentrate of urine尿
cacti(cactus)仙人掌
mesquite豆科灌木
creosote木焦油灌木
dormant 冬眠的;休眠的
succulent【植】肉質的
spine(動、植物的)刺,針
precious珍貴的
germinate發芽;生長
carpet地毯
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
beat打敗
burrow洞穴,地道
crevice裂縫,裂隙
kangaroo rat
There are three major types of glasslands
9.seasonal drought, grazing by large herbivores, occasional fires
10.tropical grassland, savanna, niches
11.temperate grassland, aboveground parts of most of the grasses die (or fire), tall-grass prairies and short-grass prairies, winds and fires hindering tree growth. have fertile soil transfor growing crops and grazing cattle.
低草型草原short grassland：草層高度在50 cm以下的草原。高草型草地grassland of tallgrass type ：草高80 cm或100 cm以上的草地。
12.cold grassland or arctic tundra, thick, spongy mat of low-growing plants.
13.permafrost
14.alpine tundra
clump樹叢
acacia刺槐
thorns刺,棘
grazing吃草
browsing吃葉(或嫩枝)
hoofed有蹄的
wildebeest牛羚
gazelle瞪羚
giraffe長頸鹿
anteople羚羊
hyena鬣狗,土狼
shoot幼芽,幼枝
stems莖
tap (為抽液而作的)穿刺
ice cap冰帽,冰蓋
scant少量的
carpet地毯
spongy海綿狀的
mat地蓆;草蓆
dwarf侏儒
consecutive連貫的
soaking浸泡
bog沼澤,泥塘
waterlogged水澇的
horde群;一大群
colonies集群;群體
waterfowl水鳥;水禽
musk ox麝香牛
lemming旅鼠(北極產)
caribou北美馴鹿
scars疤;傷痕
There are three major types of forest
15.tropical rain forest, broadleaf evergreen plants, draped with vines(lianas), cover 2% of the earth's land surface, contain at least half of the known terrestrial species, niches in distinct layers, decompose quickly, most nutrients are in tree.
16.temperate deciduous forest, dominated by a few species of broadleaf deciduous trees, slow rate of decomposition.
17.evergreen coniferous forest, boreal forest and taiga, dominated by a few species of coniferous evergreen trees, high soil acidity, contain a variety of wildlife.
18.coastal coniferous forests or temperate rain forests, ample rainfall or moisture form dense ocean fogs.
boreal北極的
laden裝滿的
illumination照明,照亮
dim微暗的
greenish微綠的
drape覆蓋
vines藤,藤蔓
liana藤本植物
teeming充滿的
hickory山胡桃屬植物
maple槭樹,楓樹
poplar白楊
beech山毛櫸
dormant冬眠的;休眠的
array大量
Sierra 內華達山脈正確的說法是「the Sierra Nevada」，或簡稱為「the Sierra」
spruce雲杉
fir冷杉
cedar西洋杉
hemlock鐵杉
pine松樹
conifer針葉樹
acidity酸性;酸度
lynx山貓
burrow洞穴,地道
rodent齧齒目動物
warbler鳴禽
caterpillar毛蟲,蠋(蝶、蛾的幼蟲)
sitka spruce 錫特卡雲杉
Harpy eagle哈比鷹
Toco toucan托科巨嘴鳥
Wooly opossum負鼠
Brazilian tapir貘(ㄇㄛˋ)
Black-crowned antpitta蟻鶇(dong ㄉㄨㄥ)
Mountains play important ecological roles
19. play important ecological roles, habitats(endemic species, sanctuaries), regulate climate, hydrologic cycle.
freestanding獨立式的
sanctuary庇護所,避難所
fate命運
5-3p91-92
5.3How have we affected the world's terrestrial ecosystems?
Humans have disturbed most of the earth's land
1.62% of the world's major terrestrial ecosystems are being degraded or used unsustainably.
2.balance between expolitation and conservation
impairing損害,損傷
destruction破壞;毀滅
eating away不停地吃
grip理解;掌握
controversial爭論的
Humans have disturbed most of the earth's land
1.62% of the world's major terrestrial ecosystems are being degraded or used unsustainably.
2.balance between expolitation and conservation
impairing損害,損傷
destruction破壞;毀滅
eating away不停地吃
grip理解;掌握
controversial爭論的
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