5-6p100-103

5.6 What are the major types of freshwater systems and how have we affected them?

Water stands in some freshwater systems and flows in others
1.freshwater life zones include standing不流動的 and flowing systems

Lakes are depressions凹地,漥地 filled with freshwater
2.deep lakes normally consist of four distinct zones that define by depth and distance form shore, littoral沿岸的 zone(high biodiversity), limnetic透光層 zone(main photosynthetic body), profundal 深底的zone(without sunlight and plants, oxygen levels are low), benthic水底的 zone(it is nourished)
seepage滲流
drain排出
sunlit陽光照射的
cattail香蒲

Some lakes have more nutrients than others
3.ecologists classify lakes according to their nutrient content and primary productivity. oligotrophic 營養不足的lake(deep,crystal-clear water and a low NPP), eutrophic營養的 lake (shallow, murky陰鬱的 brown or green water, hith NPP), mesotrophic中營養的 lake
4.cultural eutrophication培養優養化
cloud使混濁
mat叢,簇,團[(+of)]
cyanobacteria藍綠藻

Freshwater streams and rivers carry water from the mountains to the oceans
5.surface water, runoff
6.watershed, drainage basin
7.three aquatic life zones: source zone, transition zone, floodplain zone.
8.coastal deltas, wetlands,and inland floodplains
canyon峽谷
low-lying低窪的
bordering area 接壤地區


Freshwater inland wetlands are vital sponges
9.inland wetland (marshes, swamps, prairie pothole洞坑, floodplains, and wet arctic tundra)
10.seasonal wetland use the composition of the soil or the presence of certain plants to determined.
11.provide wildlife habitats, filter toxic wastes, reduce flooding and erosion, replenish stream flows and recharge groundwater aquifers, recreational opportunities.
soggy潮濕的
bottomland窪地
cattail香蒲
bulrush蘆葦
red maple紅槭
shellfish貝
cranberries小紅莓

Human activities are disrupting and degrading freshwater systems
12. four major way :a. dams, and canals, b. flood control levees and dikes, c. city and farmland,
d. drained or filled.
Historically a dike (海堤)is used to divert or restain flood water from tidal bodies of water such as the system of dikes which protect the Netherlands. A levee (河堤), on the other hand, diverts or restains flood waters from streams and lakes, such as the system of levees which protect cities along the Mississippi River.