5-5p94-99

5-5What are the major ocean zones and how have we affected them?

Oecans provide important ecological and economic resources
oceans provide many important ecological and economic services.
pharmaceutical製藥

Most of the ecological action takes place in the coastal zone
1.oceans have three major life zones: coastal zone, open sea, and ocean bottom.
1.1coastal wetlands, mangrove forests, shorelines, and coral reefs have a high NPP per unit of area.
euphotic透光層 zone,
bathyal半深海zone,
abyssal深淵 zone

Estuaries and coastal wetlands are highly productive
2.estuaries, where rivers meet the sea
3.costal wetlands, land areas covered with water all or part of the year (包括river mouths, inlets水灣;小灣,bays, sounds海峽, salt marshes, mangrove forests)
3.1 coastal aquatic systems provide important ecological and economic services.(filter toxic, reduce storm damage and coast erosion...)
excess過量,過剩
plume羽狀物

Living with the tides: rocky and sandy sores have different types of organisms
4.intertidal zone潮間帶
5.rocky shores and sandy shores
6.barrier beaches generally have one or more rows of natural sand dunes
pound猛擊
swept(sweep)沖走
crush壓碎,壓壞
barrier beach濱外沙埂; 障礙海灘
crustacean甲殼綱動物
ravages毀滅
anemone海葵
hermit 隱士crab
periwinkle玉黍螺
mussel珠蚌,河蚌
barnacle藤壺
sea lettuce萵苣
kelp海草;巨藻
monterey flatworm扁蟲
nudibranch裸鰓類動物
sculpin牛尾魚類;杜父魚
sea urchin海膽

Coral reefs are dazzling centers of aquatic biodiversity
7.mutually beneficial relationship between the polyps and the single-celled algae called zooxanthellae共生藻類(珊瑚的食物是珊瑚蟲體內的一種共生藻類製造的醣類，而這種藻類對溫度很敏感，當海水溫度升高攝氏三、四度，共生藻就無法製造珊瑚蟲所需的食物，進而造成珊瑚白化死亡。)
8.coral reefs ecological services and economic services
9.coral reefs are vulnerable to damage, temperature, acidity water
dazzling使目眩,使眼花
stunningly令人震驚地
polyp珊瑚蟲;水螅蟲
secrete分泌
elaborate精巧的
crevices裂縫,裂隙
moderate使和緩,減輕
molecules分子
antibiotic抗生素,抗菌素
ledge岩架,岩石突出部
condominium各戶有獨立產權的公寓(大廈)

In the open sea, light rules
10.according penetration of sunlight open ocean can distinguish three layers, brightly lit surface layer, dimly lit middle layer, dark bottom zone.
11.euphotic zone is brightly lit upper zone, 40% world's photosynthetic activity, nutrient levels are low, dissolved oxygen are high.
12.bathyal zone is the dimly lit middle zone
13.abyssal zone is dark and cold, little dissolved oxygen, teeming充滿的 with life
14.NPP

lit(light)照亮
predatory食肉的


Human activities are disrupting and degrading marine systems
trawler拖網漁船
bleaching白化