Matter cycles within ecosystems and in the biosphere
1. biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles養分循環(元素與化合物構成營養物質)
1-1. reserviors儲存地
Attila the Hun匈奴王
Water cycles through the biosphere
2. hydrologic cycle or water cycle 由太陽能所產生 84%的蒸發來自於海洋
3. 陸地上about 90% land water through transpiration蒸散 reachs the atmosphere
4. water is major medium for transporting nutrients in ecosystem
5. water purify process (natural renewal of water quality) (only about 0.024% earth water human can available)
6. human alter the water cycle
ends up結束
seep滲出;漏
replenish把...裝滿
sculptor雕刻家
alter改變
Science focus- water's unique properties
7. forces of attraction引力, 液態停留時間長(hydrogen bond氫鍵), changes temperature slowly, take a large amount of energy to evaporate water, dissolve ability溶解力, filter out UV radiation, capillary action毛細現象, water expands when it freezes結冰膨漲.
coolant冷卻劑
perspiration汗,汗水
tissue(動植物的)組織
flush沖洗
cleanser清潔劑
dilute稀釋
adhere黏附,緊黏
fracture使破裂;使斷裂
capillary毛細管
Carbon cycles through the bioshpere
8. 碳為碳水化合物.脂肪.蛋白質DNA及其他有機化合物的基本元素 碳的循環是以二氧化碳氣體型式循環
8-1. carbon dioxide is a key component of nautue's thermostate (0.038%)
9. phtotsynthesis 光合作用and aerobic respiration有氧呼吸
10. human altering the carbon cycle讓大量的二氧化碳進入大氣層
thermostat恆溫器
Nitrogen cycles through the biosphere: bacteria in action
11. nirtogen is the atmosphere's most abundant element (78%)
12. nitrogen gas cannot absorbed and used directly as a nutrient by multicellular plants or animals動植物無法直接吸收利用是蛋白質維他命核酸的主要元素
13. two nautral process convert or fix N2 into compounds. (electrical discharges, lightning放電,閃電)(nitrogen-fixing bacteria固氮菌產生氨ammonia及氨離子ammonia ions)
閃電固氮
氮是相當不活潑的分子，但是一道閃電的能量可讓氮與氧直接反應而生成氮氧化合物──主要有一氧化氮及二氧化氮。只要一下雨就將這些化合物從大氣中沖刷下來，形成稀硝酸，到達泥土中就轉為硝酸鹽。
生物固氮作用Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) occurs when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by a pair of bacterial enzymes called nitrogenase.[1]The formula for BNF is:
14. 將氨轉化的過程稱nitrification硝化作用,有兩個步驟 nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽(毒性) then nitrate ions硝酸鹽，後者容易被植物根部吸收，用來製造胺基酸、蛋白質、核甘酸、維他命。
含氮廢棄物分解
15. ammonification氨化作用是分解作用土壤細菌將含氮有機化合物轉為簡單得無機含氮化合物如氨或氨離子。
16. denitrification反硝化作用(脫氮作用)反硝化细菌在缺氧条件下，还原氨與氨離子（硝酸鹽）成氮與氮離子，最後释放出氣態的氮（N2）或一氧化二氮（N2O）的过程。
17. human intervene the nitrogen cycle in serveal ways(如使用肥料及化石燃料.畜牧業) cause nitrogen overload 氮污染(優養化(eutrophication).酸沉降.硝酸氮的濃度如果太高，作物就會呈現「過肥現象」. 亞硝酸氮是不同含氮型態中毒性最高的，進入人體會引發癌症.)
unreactive化學上惰性
algae水藻,海藻
cyanobacteria
excrete排泄;分泌
ammonia氨 NO3
nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽NO2-
nitrate ions硝酸鹽NO3-
cast-off放出
waterlogged水浸的,水澇的
bog沼澤,泥塘
overload超載;超負荷
Phosphorus cycles through the biosphere
18. phosphorus磷 cycle through water, the earth's crust, and living organism. does not include the atmosphere, the cycle is slow compare other cycles.主要儲存形式為磷酸鹽為岩層中或在海底沉積
19. phosphorous is a component of biologically important molecules such as nucleic acid核酸, 粒線體ADP and ATP, vertebrate bones and teeth脊椎動物硬骨及牙齒.
20. 大多土地缺乏磷 固成為limiting factor for plant growth both land and fresh water
phosphate salt磷酸鹽
21. 人類干擾 磷肥造成水中含磷過多造成優養化 熱帶伐林造成土壤磷減少
upset打亂,攪亂
15. ammonification氨化作用是分解作用土壤細菌將含氮有機化合物轉為簡單得無機含氮化合物如氨或氨離子。
16. denitrification反硝化作用(脫氮作用)反硝化细菌在缺氧条件下，还原氨與氨離子（硝酸鹽）成氮與氮離子，最後释放出氣態的氮（N2）或一氧化二氮（N2O）的过程。
17. human intervene the nitrogen cycle in serveal ways(如使用肥料及化石燃料.畜牧業) cause nitrogen overload 氮污染(優養化(eutrophication).酸沉降.硝酸氮的濃度如果太高，作物就會呈現「過肥現象」. 亞硝酸氮是不同含氮型態中毒性最高的，進入人體會引發癌症.)
unreactive化學上惰性
algae水藻,海藻
cyanobacteria
excrete排泄;分泌
ammonia氨 NO3
nitrite ions亞硝酸鹽NO2-
nitrate ions硝酸鹽NO3-
cast-off放出
waterlogged水浸的,水澇的
bog沼澤,泥塘
overload超載;超負荷
Phosphorus cycles through the biosphere
18. phosphorus磷 cycle through water, the earth's crust, and living organism. does not include the atmosphere, the cycle is slow compare other cycles.主要儲存形式為磷酸鹽為岩層中或在海底沉積
19. phosphorous is a component of biologically important molecules such as nucleic acid核酸, 粒線體ADP and ATP, vertebrate bones and teeth脊椎動物硬骨及牙齒.
20. 大多土地缺乏磷 固成為limiting factor for plant growth both land and fresh water
phosphate salt磷酸鹽
21. 人類干擾 磷肥造成水中含磷過多造成優養化 熱帶伐林造成土壤磷減少
upset打亂,攪亂
