five basic types of interactions between species:
1.competition, 2.predation掠食, 3.parasitism寄生, 4.mutualism互利共生, and 5.commensalism偏利共生.
serve as agents of natural selection
no two species can share the same vital and limited resource for very long, one of species must mirgrate, shift feeding habit or behavior, population sharp decline, or extinct.
no two species can share the same vital and limited resource for very long, one of species must mirgrate, shift feeding habit or behavior, population sharp decline, or extinct.
profound深刻的;深切的
Some species evolve ways to share resources
resource partitioning (lions and leopards, hawks and owls, insect-eating warblers鳴禽)
hawk鷹,隼
owl鴞裊,貓頭鷹
Some species feed on other species: predation
predator-prey relationship
at population level is kind of natural selection
如何看待捕食行為 ecological role - controlling rabbit populations
predators have many methods help them capture prey
1.pursuit and ambush
Some species evolve ways to share resources
resource partitioning (lions and leopards, hawks and owls, insect-eating warblers鳴禽)
hawk鷹,隼
owl鴞裊,貓頭鷹
Some species feed on other species: predation
predator-prey relationship
at population level is kind of natural selection
如何看待捕食行為 ecological role - controlling rabbit populations
predators have many methods help them capture prey
1.pursuit and ambush
2.camouflage
3.chemical warfare化學戰
prey evolved many ways to avoid predators
prey evolved many ways to avoid predators
1.run, swim, or fly fast
2.highly developed sense
3.protective shell, thick bark, spines, and throns 斷尾求生
4.camouflage
5.chemical warfare-poisionous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting 烏賊墨汁
6.warning coloration
2.highly developed sense
3.protective shell, thick bark, spines, and throns 斷尾求生
4.camouflage
5.chemical warfare-poisionous, irritating, foul smelling, or bad tasting 烏賊墨汁
6.warning coloration
7.mimicry
contempt輕視,蔑視
root打氣;喝采(+for)pursuit追擊
ambush埋伏;伏擊
keen敏銳的
pack一群
contempt輕視,蔑視
root打氣;喝采(+for)pursuit追擊
ambush埋伏;伏擊
keen敏銳的
pack一群
camouflage偽裝;掩飾
in plain sight就在眼前
praying mantis合掌螳螂
white ermines貂
weasel鼬鼠,黃鼠狼
venom毒液
paralyze使麻痺;使癱瘓
deter威懾住,嚇住
alert警覺的.jpg)
praying mantis合掌螳螂
white ermines貂
weasel鼬鼠,黃鼠狼
venom毒液
paralyze使麻痺;使癱瘓
deter威懾住,嚇住
alert警覺的
armadillos犰狳
bark樹皮
sequoia紅杉
spine(動、植物的)刺,針
porcupine豪豬
thorn刺,棘.jpg)
porcupine豪豬
thorn刺,棘
chameleon變色龍
cuttlefish墨魚;烏賊
twig細枝
hare野兔
poisonous有毒的
oleander歐洲夾竹桃
irritating使疼痛
stinging nettle刺痛蕁麻
bombardier beetle放屁甲蟲
hare野兔
poisonous有毒的
oleander歐洲夾竹桃
irritating使疼痛
stinging nettle刺痛蕁麻
bombardier beetle放屁甲蟲
foul惡臭的
skunk臭鼬
stinkbug發惡臭的蟲
buttercup毛茛屬植物
monarch butterfiy帝王蝶
flash亮出;誇示
striking惹人注目的
deadly致命的,致死的
skunk臭鼬
stinkbug發惡臭的蟲
buttercup毛茛屬植物
monarch butterfiy帝王蝶
flash亮出;誇示
striking惹人注目的
deadly致命的,致死的
mimicry模仿;模擬
Some species feed off other species by living on or in them: parasitism
parasite benefit and host is harmed
some parasites live inside the hosts(tapeworms and microorganism), other parasites attach themselves to the outsides of their hosts(mistletoe and sea lampreys). some parasites have little contact with their host(cowbirds)
at population level, promote biodiversity, keep hosts' population in check.
feed off- Use something to your advantage
Some species feed off other species by living on or in them: parasitism
parasite benefit and host is harmed
some parasites live inside the hosts(tapeworms and microorganism), other parasites attach themselves to the outsides of their hosts(mistletoe and sea lampreys). some parasites have little contact with their host(cowbirds)
at population level, promote biodiversity, keep hosts' population in check.
feed off- Use something to your advantageparasite 寄生生物
tapeworm絛蟲
pathogen病原體
mistletoe槲寄生
mistletoe槲寄生
lamprey七鰓鰻;八目鰻
flea跳蚤
tick壁蝨
flea跳蚤
tick壁蝨
cowbird燕八哥
keep in check抑制
In some interactions, both species benefit: mutualism
honeybees, caterpillars, and other insets with flower
coral reef - reef-building coral animals and bacteria
nutrition and protection(birds that ride on the backs of large animals)(clownfish species and sea anemones)(specialized fungi combine with plant roots)(gut inhabitant mutualism)
mutualism互利共生
caterpillar毛蟲
nectar花蜜
tissue(動植物的)組織
pest害蟲
anemone海葵
tentacle觸鬚,觸手,
paralyze使麻痺;使癱瘓
mycorrhizae菌根
myriad無數,大量
gut腸,腸子
trait特徵,特點
In some interactions, one species benefits and the other is not harmed
commensalism共生(silverfish insect and army ants)
epiphyte附生(orchids and bromeliads)
birds nest
commensalism共生
silverfish蠹魚
raid侵吞,盜用
epiphyte附生植物
bromeliad鳳梨科植物
limb大樹枝,主枝
keep in check抑制
In some interactions, both species benefit: mutualism
honeybees, caterpillars, and other insets with flower
coral reef - reef-building coral animals and bacteria
nutrition and protection(birds that ride on the backs of large animals)(clownfish species and sea anemones)(specialized fungi combine with plant roots)(gut inhabitant mutualism)
mutualism互利共生
caterpillar毛蟲
nectar花蜜
tissue(動植物的)組織
pest害蟲
anemone海葵
tentacle觸鬚,觸手,
paralyze使麻痺;使癱瘓
mycorrhizae菌根
myriad無數,大量
gut腸,腸子
trait特徵,特點
In some interactions, one species benefits and the other is not harmed
commensalism共生(silverfish insect and army ants)
epiphyte附生(orchids and bromeliads)
birds nest
commensalism共生
silverfish蠹魚
raid侵吞,盜用
epiphyte附生植物
bromeliad鳳梨科植物
limb大樹枝,主枝
